Solving The Problem How To Produce Economics Essay

Solving The Problem How To Produce Economics EssayIntroductionEconomic is the study of how people satisfy their secular needs and wants with the available resources. The primary focuses of scotchs be distinguished between needs wants, fundamental economic puzzles.Needs means something we have to have, ex foods, water, clothes. Wants are something we like to have. To originate these things participation will face various problems. What to pay off, how frequently to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce, when to produce. Basic economic problems are simply because wants are unlimited resources are limited.Resources weed be mainly divided into two, natural economic. So we have to make choices to select wants needs. Its means unlimited wants limited resources force us to make choices. rating of the total (life cycle) costs of alternative solutions to the problem of meeting the requirements of a ill-tempered client and choice of the best solution.ANSWERSQ1Q1.1.Market EconomyAn economic system in which economic decisions and the pricing of corrects and servicesare guided solely by the aggregate interactions of a countrys citizens and businesses and there is little government intervention or cardinal provision. This is the mated of a centr altogethery syllabusned economy,in whichgovernment decisionsdrive most aspects of a countrys economic activity.The main co- coordinating device is the monetary value headstrong in the grocery place through the interaction between take aim and provide. Hence this also called free market system because the scathe is the main device that solves all basic economic problems. This is called price system.It is said that in a market economy, there is an invisible hand operating due to (a) economy is operated by the price system, (b) buyers and sellers respond to price system and accordingly both parties get coordinated, (c) basic economic problems are solved using the price system. In a market economy the basi c economic problems are solved and resources are allocated in the following manner.Solving the problem what to produce in which quantityIn a market economy this problem is addressed by the private sector entrepreneurs through the decisions made by them. Since they always have the profit motive the commodity and factor prices are considered in decision making. Consumers will puddle demand in the market by revealing their choice by purchasing goods. Suppliers create the lend force having considered the commodity price, cost and profit. Accordingly they will allocate more resources to produce more of goods with higher profits.Solving the problem how to produceThis problem is concerned with the selection of labor method by referring to the factor market. Since the private sector is concerned with profits they will select the most cost impelling production method. Hence the factor with the lowest price will be applied more in the production in order to minimize the production cost.S olving the problem whom to produceThis problem stresses how the economys total product gets distributed among people. This is decided by the distribution of income among people. Income distribution is determined by 2 factors which are (a) how much of factors are owned by the fellowship units, (b) the price of such(prenominal) factors.In the market economies individuals can own resources without being subjected to any limitations. The resource ownership is decided by factors such as merits, skills, inheritance and entrepreneurship. Factor price is decided by the demand and supply of the factors. Therefore this problem is solved by the performance of the factor market.Command economyIn ascendency or planned economies, questions on resource allocation are decided by a central authority often the government or a state controlled council. However since centralized decisions require plans set in advance for the desired outcome, these economies are called centrally planned economies. I n these economies, economic activities such as what to produce and how much to produce take place as per the commands of the central planners.E.g. Cuba, North KoreaIn command economies the basic economic problems are solved and resource allocation is done based on a preset plan. This plan is a descriptive story that illustrates resources, operation of production activities, and distribution of income among households etc. with a view of achieving a set of selected objectives.Solving the problem what to produce in which quantityIt is the central planning authority that decides the resource allocation between consumer and investment goods.Solving the problem of how to produceIt is the central planning authority that decides the production method and they set the plan to match inputs.Solving the problem for whom to produceThis is concerned with the distribution of income among household units. The only factor that is owned by households is labour. The only means of income available to the household units is salaries and wages. A disparity in income distribution arises to a certain extent due to the differences in quality of labour. Further the quantity of goods and services the households get does non depend solely on their income because government also supplies goods and services at subsidized prices or free of charge.Q.1.2.(a) Market residual price Rs.51(b) Market residuum quantity 490 unitsQ.1.3.Effect of evaluateesThe government imposes assesses on production or sale of commodities which are called indirect evaluatees. The indirect tax can be either a unit tax or an advoleram tax. If the government imposes an indirect tax on a commodity, it will shift the supply curve leftward by the amount of tax (i.e if it is a unit tax, the supply curve will shift leftward by the amount of unit tax as supplier is supposed to pay the tax to the government). The resolution of taxation will be that it augments the net cost of supplying a particular commodity. Ther efore every quantity will be supplied at a higher price than earlier or in other words the quantity supplied at each(prenominal) price will be lesser than earlier.Figure 2 depicts the incidence of an indirect tax.PriceS2S1CACP2BEP1Qty DP00Q2Q1Incidence of tax on the buyersFigure 2Incidence of a tax on the sellersThe division of the tax burden between the buyers and sellers depends on the elasticity of supply and demand. Given the demand conditions, the greater the elasticity of supply, and the greater the incidence of tax resting on the buyers of a commodity. On the other hand the greater the elasticity of demand, and greater the incidence of tax resting on the sellers of a commodity. Figure 2 represents the case of a commodity with relatively elastic supply.When the tax levied on this commodity, the supply curve shifts leftward from S1 to S2, the prices rise from P1 to P2 and the equilibrium quantity reduces from Q1 to Q2. P2 to P0 represents the unit tax. The price increase from P1 to P2 will be the incidence of tax on the buyers. P1 to P0 represents the burden of taxation (per unit) on the sellers. It should be noticed that in this case of elastic supply curve, the incidence of tax on the buyers is greater than that on the sellers.Imposing a tax on commodity typically increase the price paid by the demanders and decrease the price received by the suppliers. This certainly represents a cost to demanders and suppliers, but from the real cost of the tax is the output that has been reduced. The lost output is the social cost of tax.As per Figure 2, the concepts of consumer and producer surplus can be used to value the social cost of tax. The red in consumers surplus is given by theatre of operationss C+A and areas E+B represent the way out in producer surplus. Thus the total waiver to the consumers and producers of the commodity is the areas C+A+E+B from which C+E is gained by the government as the tax revenue. The rest of the area A+B is known as the Dead Weight Loss of the tax or the excess burden of the tax. Basically, it is the lost value to the consumers and producers due to the reduction in gross sales of the commodity. Therefore the government does not get any revenue on the reduction in sales of the commodity. From the view point of society, it is a pure loss dead weight loss.Effect of SubsidiesSubsidies on production will shift the supply curve to the right until the vertical distance between the two supply curves is equal to the per unit aid. When other factors remain constant, this will decrease the price paid by the consumers and increase the price received by the producers. A subsidy will reduce the net cost of supplying a commodity. Therefore every quantity will be supplied at a lower price than earlier or in other words the quantity supplied at each price will be higher than earlier.Figure 3 depicts the effect of subsidies.Figure 3(b) FV= $100000 r = 12% n = 5 PV= ?PV = FV (1+r)-n= 100000(1+0.12)-5= $56742.69(c)FVA= Rs. 500000 n= 15 r= 7% PMT =? *Payment500000= (1+0.07)15-1)/ 0.07* PaymentPayment = Rs.19897.31 per annumQ2Q2.1 call back that the monopoliser produced one more unit than Qm. The consumer surplus from that unit would be the difference between the demand curve and the price for that unit. Now imagine that the monopolist produced all of the additional units it would take to make the efficient quantity. The area of the blue triangle represents the additional surplus that consumers would get if the market were efficient. In other words, the area of the triangle is the loss in consumer surplus that results from the monopolists under-production. It is the true dead weight loss to the society. Therefore it is evident that monopoly is not good from the view point of the society as a whole.A monopoly will be appropriate in a situation where there is a limited supply of a particular commodity which can be considered as a necessity good where it is required to be offered to the public at a r easonable price. In such situations the government will establish a monopoly. This will ensure that the particular product or service meets the required standards. E.g. Railway in Sri LankaQ.2.3. (a)Labour per daylightOutput per dayMarginal ProductVariable costAverage CostMarginal Cost000015550101021271008.337.1432081507.56.25431112006.454.5454092506.255.5664663006.528.337504350712.585224007.6925(b)(c )Q.3.1SummarizingThere are various types of economic systems practiced in the world. Such as Market economy, centrally planed (Controlled) economy, Mixed economy. from each one system has various types of advantages disadvantages.Demand supply both determine the price of a good. Demand means willingness capacity to pay. Supply is the quantity of goods that businesses willing to produce or sell. In demand supply analysis the concept of equilibrium plays a major role. This is a concept which opposing dynamic forces cancel each other out.When it comes to theory of the firm economic cost can be divided as, explicit, implicit, fixed variable costs.Explicit costs are the monitory payments it makes to those who supply labor services, material, fuel, transport service etc.Firms implicit costs are the opportunity costs of using its employed resources. Fixed costs are not related directly to production rents, rates etc. they can change but not related to output. Variable costs that do change when we produce more more.There are 4 major types of market structures available. Each market consists of different features.The market means any organization where buyers, sellers, particular good are kept enclosed with each other.

Examples Of Organization Activities Groupware Support Information Technology Essay

Examples Of Organization Activities Groupw be Support Information Technology EssayWith the varietys of society and technologies, coaction is sightly an increasingly integral part of the track downplace environment. Three first spend influencing chemical elements fox revolutionized the common workplace, of which perhaps the most prevalent being engineering science which has sound imperative for being at the forefront of any market. As advancements have occurred in learning and conversation technologies the business environment has create to a greater extent flexible, changing the way in which organizations operate. With the enhancements of technology it has become increasingly executable for organizations to slow span across a globular market, resulting in spreading of organizational assets across a large geographical ara. Social transformations much(prenominal) as an issuegrowth in the academic achievements of individuals have changed the depth of knowledge amid st peers allowing them to cooperate to achieve common goals within a works environment.The term Organization is unsubtle and incorporates a collection of institutions ranging from government sectors through to universities. The way in which great deal operate within organizations has changed throughout recent decades due to the work that is containd of them. With the advancements in technology, more tasks argon easily achievable using computers and software system program package packages, much of the trivial and time consuming tasks have been removed from the user workload and so matchlessr carried out via a machine.Workers within organizations have continued to change with the change in work with many people becoming knowledge workers, who supply their medical specialist know-how to contribute towards organizational goals. People within organizations are now much required to complete large activities with very specific goals. A growing social movement of positions within these environments requires people to operate as a member within a police squad, to distribute complicated organizational goals. Working in these situations provides an increase in efficiency and productivity in carrying out organizational activities. There are many advantages to working within a team, one of these being teams have a collective knowledge much greater than that of an individual, allowing them to understand a problem by share knowledge. Team members lead often have their own ideas they hope to be allow ind into a solution and so forth will be more so committed to the work. Whilst one individual may sire it hard to see flaws within their own work, teams back often identify errors much faster, with a more objective standpoint. Creative solutions screw be derived from a crowd with multiple viewpoints, often providing an abstract view of a problem.Within the business world, companies have been targeting growing markets, this has caused a dispersion in company as sets. Activities require interactions from a stray of assets including face-to-face situated in divers(prenominal) locations this is why technology has become fundamental to team collaborations within a business environment.collaboration surrounded by workers has become more vital in completing organizational goals, technology and software developments have advanced run oning collaboration between individuals whom are not co-located. A type of software which has grown due to the requirement of organizations is groupware. Groupware, cooperative software or group support systems are all a type of software with the main objective to make the interaction between people that work together easier and helping them to become more effective and efficient.( Sarmento, Lousa, Machado,1999) The software is used to support groups of people engaged in a common task that provides an interface to a shared environment. (Borko Furht,2008) Groupware can take place between people whom are co-loca ted or remotely segregated. It can either be synchronous where people are collaborating in existent-time or asynchronous with communication at different times (not real-time). Many early groupware systems were brought to live to eliminate the need to be co-located. Groupware has now grown to a state where it is an industry of its own, with so many organizations using various types of collaborative software. Groupware has been around for many years, incorporating technologies such as email. More recently groupware is becoming associated with technologies that support collaboration and communication, with many software solutions providing support for communication, collaboration and cooperative work, for example LMS systems employed by many universities, to support student collaboration.Many factors have lead to the need of software solutions that advertise collaboration between individuals. Group work is a regular experience for many people within an organization, in most organizat ions most complex closings are made by a team. As this become more frequent the necessity to share documents and work together is central to success. As media becomes more in stock(predicate) through IP (internet protocol) through factors such as faster networking connections, the persona and quantity of data we can address has modify allowing for better groupware systems (such as television conferencing). Additional the rise of groupware has been influenced by the global spread of employees with 87 percentage of employees around the world working in remote offices.(Turban, Leindner, Mclean, Wetherbe,2008) Individuals chance(a) routines have become more dependent on electronic devices, keeping them in constant connection to e-mail collaborative calendars and new(prenominal) groupware system. Exposing individual to this technology makes it easier to introduce such software into their work life. The benefits of groupware have lead to huge numbers of organizations up taking e- collaboration, the telecommunication Industry (TIA)(Tiaonline.org) indicates that global revenues from collaboration will show a 66.5 percent compound annual growth reaching $11.4 billion in 2007 (Turban, Leindner, Mclean, Wetherbe,2008).One of the issues slowing the uptake of groupware is the range of requirements from the different users of collaborative software. Because cooperative work is carried out through such a huge number of industries the number of different activities is massive, often general solutions cannot provide the functionality postulate so bespoke software is required. This factor has slowed the uptake of groupware in downcaster organizations. Another issue with groupware is the legality of data being operated upon. When cooperative working it is often the case that the users will be working on an artifact, with multiple users accessing and modifying the artifact it can often cause multiple different copies. Groupware systems tend to employ a centralized data store to sweat to reduce this occurring, including other techniques (e.g. locking the data until the modifications have been finalized). Authentication has also been an issue related with groupware systems as often organizational documents are sensitive.Classification and types of groupwareGroupware is a term which incorporates a large quantity of different technologies involved with communication, collaboration and cooperative work. Because the term is so hard to define it has lead to many people being unsure of what constitutes as groupware. The best way to view them is to group them in a logical way, numerous different potpourri frameworks have been produced to force characteristics of groupware. In this section I will try and draw off some miscellanea techniques to outline the various types of groupware which are available.The time/space matrix classification framework used to group types of groupware. This technique uses the location and the times in groupware to describ e it. On the x-axis is the location, which describes if users are co-located or geographically divided. The y-axis on the other hand describes if the users interactions are synchronous (real-time) or asynchronous (not in real-time). Tools used which are synchronous and co-located tend not to be computerized, for instance a classroom. Although this framework does group collaborative tools it does have examples which can cause confusion, such as e-mail. Though it is separate as an asynchronous technology it can be used to send messages back and forth between users. Network delays might not make it real-time interaction, but it is used for synchronous communication.(Brusic,2004) Other examples are face up. The ambiguity present in this framework has caused others to be formed.The second framework this essay will introduce is the people/artefact framework. It is heavily based upon cooperative work. Cooperative work involves two or more participants using a shared artefact. (Brusic,200 4) This framework identifies 3 main operations groupware can offer Computer meditated communication, meeting and decision support systems and shared applications and artefacts. The first category computer-meditated communication describes technologies which support direct communication between users, allowing cooperate about their work. An example of this are e-mail, bulletin boards and delineation conferencing. To collaborate workers need to be able to gain an understanding of the task and generate ideas, this is the concept encapsulated by the second category meeting and decision support systems. Examples of meeting and decision support systems are argumentation tools, services that offer shared drawing tools and brainstorming activities. The final category is shared applications and artefacts, this classification includes systems for share-out computers, applications and documents. This classification often requires special collaborative aware software to be used, an example of t hese systems are shared editors, allowing multiple users to edit a document.The two classification frameworks covered are not the only two available, another example is Esther Dysons model that focuses on the benefiting party of the groupware. Describing these frameworks makes it apparent that there are many various collaborative tools, the ideal solution would be one which includes all tools although we are still quite far from developing the grand groupware system that encompasses every type of communication, and we will probably never get there since the possibilities are endlessly evolving with changes in both our patterns of social interaction and the technology we have available.(Anonymous,2010)Examples of organization activities groupware supportOrganisations are more than often using electronic systems to carry out a large magnitude of their internal and external processes. The adoption of e-enterprise has brought forward the need for collaboration between organisations to meet their goals and flourish in the current market. The increasing need for collaboration between non co-located organisations and individuals has caused the groupware market to expand and become a fundamental tool. Groupware has influenced the amplification of enterprises by improving the effectiveness of a range of tools such as the mogul to channelise over long distances. I will now discuss the use of groupware and how it can be used to support organisations and their processes.Since the introduction of computers the ability to collect, analyse and share data has greatly increased in efficiency. Today many business and other organisations thrive upon the data they utilize. A key aspect of any organisation is the way in which data is managed and shared between different organisational resources, for example different tiers of staff. Groupware is enabling organisations to work effectively with the quantity of data they currently possess. The sharing of information internally a nd to external stakeholders has been benefitted by a contour of tools. Many industries rely on sharing information to external organisations and example where this can be seen is with supply and demand. Companies with a required demand need to communicate their requirements to the suppliers in order to meet the demands. An example industry where this is present is within supermarket chains. Asda a leading supermarket uses electronic data interchange systems to communicate to its suppliers with great effect, sending real time data in multiple formats securely over the internet (Turban, Leindner, Mclean, Wetherbe,2008). Using its current stock levels to request necessary products. This software supports the collaboration between organisations improving efficiency. This groupware system offers many benefits over its manual equivalent (such as telephone ordering). Most of the system is automated removing the need for human resources, but it also often much more effective with a decreas e in the time required, error rates (human error removed) and often cost. Information sharing has become a large section of groupware due to the increasing use of e-enterprise and need for multiple stakeholders to share information. It can often be seen internally in organisations with one example being the sharing of documents through systems such as email attachments and drop box systems.Knowledge cosmea tools are a collection of groupware tools that can be used to support the learning and sharing of knowledge throughout an organisation. Knowledge can be classified as tacit (Knowledge that is difficult to move out by verbalising it or writing it down) or as explicit. Groupware systems support both through collaboration using a variety of structured and non-structured methods. Tools which offer this include white-boarding, chat, discussion groups and other tools. Knowledge creation and sharing is important throughout organisations. The need of cooperation between geographically d ispersed workgroups is a critical issue to global organizations the best specialists to solve a problem do not usually work on the same floor. (Carvalho, Rodrigo Baroni de Ferreira, Marta Araujo Tavares, 2001). As this statement suggest groupware to help creation of knowledge is now fundamental because of the needs of organisations to span a much larger (often global) market.Closely coupled to knowledge creation tools are the groupware tool classified as knowledge vigilance systems. The systems main objective is to manage the creation, capture, storage and dissemination of information.(Maier,2007) Because of the diversity of organizations many varying systems are currently available. Learning management systems such as Blackboard are ideal examples of groupware facilitating learning. Blackboard is a well known product used in over 2200 educational institutions, its basal goal is manage course content but also provides tools for learning and collaboration between users. Through my own experience of blackboard it vastly improves the ability to find relevant information to apply towards projects and examinations, using the online discussion boards it is possible to carry out peer to peer knowledge sharing to aid my personal development. Assessment and interactive learning content is another feature present helping to increase individuals knowledge throughout universities. There are many other organizations using a variety of software packages. Lotus notes (IBM) is an example of collaborative software which incorporates knowledge management, this system is typically used throughout businesses and offers a range of collaborative tools such as email and calendaring.A collaborative project management tool is an application that facilitates a project throughout its lifecycle. Many groupware tools can be used to support a range of projects. Projects have a much higher rate of success if they are managed effectively. The ability for multiple team members to carry out work on a project from different geographical locations is greatly improved with the use of collaborative project management tools. As the internet has become a more powerful resource it has lead to the growth of tools such as sub-versioning. Throughout the software industry it is often feasible for programmers to operate from different locations all carrying out modifications on a globally stored project.Collaborative project management tools do bring issue. When projects are carried out by non co-located groups they often work on the same data this can lead to data inconsistency throughout a project. Data inconsistency can often lead to inaccuracy and loss of integrity through information. Groupware commonly uses the approach of having a central single data store. This can still lead to loss of integrity with multiple people modifying the same information. Techniques such as locking can be applied and is used in packages such as repository programming where files are locked unti l they are updated by the person modifying them. This does remove the issue of data inconsistency but reduces productivity, communication is vital to avoid such issues.The future of Groupware entirely disciplines of technology continue to advance at incredible rates, I believe that groupware will become critical to large organisations. Enterprises are continuing to become more and more popular fulfilling a huge magnitude of services. As the rates of communication through computer continue to increase (i.e. internet speeds) the ability to collaborate with organisations in multiple countries using more personal media will become available. Furthermore the collaboration achievable will improve, bringing down the limitations of geographical dispersion and providing media much more similar to a face to face conversation.Large organisations such as Microsoft and IBM are continuing to focus development towards overall groupware solutions such as Lotus notes. As these organisations continue to develop reliable secure systems I believe the use of collaborative systems will grow throughout small to large work environments. The term groupware is hard to quantify, including small systems such as e-mail through to large software packages, I believe solutions that incorporate a framework and many tools will become more readily available. These sophisticated solutions will offer flexibility so that the processes they operate and projects they manage can change and still be supported, in the same way which humans are flexible to change. With flexibility will need to come scalability of a system, organisations are constantly changing to stay relevant with in their market, groupware will need to be able to support the need for growth.Organisations often consist of technically skilled IT employees up to(p) of managing the internal and external systems but workers do not always have strong technical abilities. If groupware is to become a necessity for all organisations, the tech nical skills needed to work with the software will need to be basic, this is something I believe will become more present within current tools.Todays world is becoming heavily encircled around fluid devices with millions of people using smart phones and other hand held devices to access the Internet and carry out many daily activities. With the movement away from desk workers to people whom travel in their daily work life the demand for groupware systems that can be supported through a mobile syllabus to allow communication and collaboration whilst on the move. Groupware tools such as email can already be accessed via mobile device but I believe more multifunctional solutions such as lotus notes will become more available via mobile devices. As with the move to mobile platforms cross platform will also be needed. I believe that this will be accomplished with an increase in web-based solutions running on hosted systems similar to groupware such as Google groups. The inevitable move towards cloud computing will continue to bring an increase in web-based tools with less need for local storage and an increase in hosted data warehouses.Groupware will continue to grow but this brings the cost needed to secure systems. Large organisations with top-secret information or organisation secret information will no doubt like the rest of the Internet become a victim to cyber-crime. If security is not kept at the forefront of developers minds when producing groupware tools it could become an easy target for cyber criminals exploiting the software for their own benefit. Tools like Sms and E-mail have already fallen victim with numerous scandals, the increase of overall groupware systems which incorporate the volume of business processes will become a target, an example being the attack of a payroll system.ConclusionGroupware as discussed within this essay is hard to describe with a broad range of technologies being incorporated under the term. Although groupware is hard to define the software tend to have common goals such as improved communication. The majority of collaborative tools can be described as one of the following four Knowledge management tools, Knowledge creation tools, Information sharing tools and collaborative project management tools. Throughout the essay I have identified some techniques used to classify different groupware tools, in my opinion I believe for an organisation to take full advantage of computer systems a range of tools should be used. In an environment where learning is expected a range of tools would be beneficial because of the way in which people learn differently.The goal for all types of groupware is to improve collaboration and increase organisational efficiency.The growth of e-enterprises has increased the need for groupware systems. I believe that with the continued need for collaboration internally and externally for organisations to prosper, the use of groupware systems will follow such growth.http//ieeexplor e.ieee.org/search/freesrchabstract.jsp?tp=arnumber=807823queryText%3Dwith+the+main+objective+to+make+the+interaction+between+people+that+work+together+easier+and+helping+them+to+become+more+effective+and+efficient.%E2%80%9D%26openedRefinements%3D*%26searchField%3DSearch+Allhttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ipk5x-c_xNICdq=support+groups+of+people+engaged+in+a+common+task+that+provides+an+interface+to+a+shared+environment.source=gbs_navlinks_shttp//www.seas.upenn.edu/zives/03s/cis650/groupware.pdfhttp//www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/abowd_team/ivan/final.htmlhttp//zing.ncsl.nist.gov/nist-icv/documents/node6.htmlhttp//www.skyrme.com/insights/7gw.htmhttp//www.hcibook.com/e3-docs/slides/notes-pdf/e3-chap-19-6up.pdfhttp//www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/spin/groupware/index.htmlclassifyhttp//www.usabilityfirst.com/about-usability/web-application-design/collaborative-software-groupware/typical-collaborative-software-applications/http//computernetworksit. com.au/blog/business-groupware-%E2%80%93-software-for-complete-office-collaboration/http//www.bynari.net/blog/bynari-collaboration-suite/bynari-collaboration-and-groupware-technology-enhances-workflow-and-business-operations/http//research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/WICS_99_TP/21_domino_Mohan.pdfhttp//www.helium.com/items/1647396-business-collaboration-tools-groupware-knowledge-management?page=2http//informationr.net/ir/7-1/paper118.htmlhttp//en.enage.com/prod/prod05.asp?menu=6http//www.ischool.utexas.edu/i385tkms/blog/archives/patrick/groupwarepaper.html4http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_n11_v42/ai_20161847/pg_3/?tag=contentcol(Carvalho, Rodrigo Baroni de Ferreira, Marta Araujo Tavares, 2001)Carvalho, Rodrigo Baroni de Ferreira, Marta Arajo Tavares (2001) Using information technology to support knowledge conversion processes Information Research,7(1) Available at http//InformationR.net/ir/7-1/paper118.htmlMaier, R (2007) Knowledge Management Systems Informatio n And Communication Technologies for Knowledge Management. 3rd edition, Berlin Springer.

Reporting Irregularities in Financial Statements: Case Study

Reporting Irregularities in Financial Statements Case Study at unitary timea twenty-four hourss, peculiarly is Bulgaria, people argon becoming more and more hungry for bills, that is why the word fraud takes part more often in our speech. Fraud is part of criminal law, and it surfaces when we claim individualized gain by dishonest way or damaging an some other individual. The most common purpose of frauds argon connected with person or entities trying to assign and stole money or valuables. Thither ar plenty of models, which are especi onlyy constructed to define and reveal frauds, most of them will be apply in this paper to settle down whether Asil Nadir should be sentenced or not. More about analysis and comparisons with other cases and examples of models shtup be found in appendix 1 and 2.Proposed Fraud investigation Plan for Polly Packs Financial Statement FraudGiven down the stairs is the proposed investigation plan for Polly Packs monetary statement fraud1. Devel op an hearing of the activities of Polly PackTo understand the activities of microfinance establishments, the auditor should pay attention to the main concerns of the leaders on the objectives and strategies of the institution, the institutions organizational structure, operation of its business, results of operations, ability to self-finance, operations and other major economic events whitethorn make its fiscal statements, accountinging issues and changes accounting policies, and funding sources.To obtain this in fermentation, the auditor should meet with the leaders of the institution visit at least one agency, and review reports and other documents.1.1 Interviews The auditor should meet the main leaders of Polly Pack, including CEO, the head of the fiscal service or financial director, credit responsibly and activities, and the head of information systems. This is also the clipping for the auditor to discuss the first time with the staff of the internal audit, the Board of Directors and major shareholders or lenders, if they commence subjects of concern that should be subject to review missions on the basis of agreed or special audits procedures. During these interviews, the auditor should bear in mind the list of items of financial statements. After these initial meetings, the auditor should assess some(prenominal) breach of financial reporting requirements. Analysis of financial statement must be carried out prior to this interview since financial statements whitethorn present numerous signifi displacet anomalies.If the first investigations reveal a train of unacceptable business practice or misleading presentation of financial, the auditor may seek bring forward in-depth investigation into a particular welkin.1.2 Visits The auditor must visit several regional offices to acquire understanding of the institutions activities and responsibilities that were decentralized. Auditors should perform some initial visits at the portray of pre-commitme nt, and more visits during the planning phase.1.3 Review of financial reports and documents The auditor should also consider the reports and other documents for a better understanding of the institution. Unless they are not available, the pursuit may be helpfulpreviously audited financial statements,budgets and strategic plansthe monthly body process reports, including tables of cash flows, the credit statistics and reports on outstandingloan agreements and grantsassessments by donors rating reports and proportion from the authorities re-rulesA thorough reflection needfully to be carried out on the appropriate reports for Polly sess, according to its size and age.1.3 Understand the standards and accounting methods The accounting rules and methods of Polly peck are not conventional, and therefore require special attention from the auditors2. Evaluating Accounting StandardsThe external auditor shall determine the accounting standards used by the institution. M any microfinance institutions do not follow the national standards or international.2.2 The accounting policies During the pre-commitment, the external auditor should ask the management of the institution which accounting method it uses. Sometimes the service accounts of the institution are not able to answer this question. Many institutions have adopted accrual accounting, sometimes in a modified form. This accounting method is unchanging with the standards imposed by most accounting bodies. But some institutions continue to use cash. Auditors should know that it can be in the interests of Polly hand to register their activities, especially the product credits, according to a cash basis, taking into account adjustment proposals made at the end of the year by the auditor. Since operations of Polly Peck were oversea in turkey, it did not follow a uniform accounting from one account to another, which further complicates the work of the auditor.2.3 The legal structure of Polly Peck in Turkey in the Context of Company Law of the Region The auditor must life at how the institution considers as a publicly owned multinational. This plenty often has implications for accounting. In foreign countries organizations usually reveal financial reports that reflect less rigorously financial performance. Some do not even produce financial statements Annual. The majority uses the cash and excludes amortization, adjustments for inflation, provisions for essay changes, provisions for social security, and other similar items to gain from tax exemptions. As regulated financial institutions, Polly Peck must not only comply with generally accepted accounting principles, but also the specific regulations governing banks.2.3 Examine accounting statements for any financial irregularities Auditors must engage in the following activitiesThe external auditor should investigate books of account and internal declare of the institution throughdiscussions with managers and staff at variant levelsrevie w of documents much(prenominal) as procedure manuals, descriptionspositions and organizational chartsconsideration of the reports produced by the accounting departmentcompliance with the institutions activities, including IT operations and loan processing at supply and agencies3. Reporting Irregularities in Financial StatementsAccounting operations of Polly Peck were generally de-centralized because of the operations of the organization taking place in Turkey. In such companies, the activity of an agency is often recognized at the regional level, then transmitted periodically (usually monthly) to the head office. This is usually answerable for the production of consolidated financial statements. In some institutions, all the accounting is performed at headquarters.3.1 Reporting irregularities of internal control systems Multinational businesses need a strong system of internal control to break the success of its operation. However, Polly Peck was significantly weaknesses at this level, and the auditor should therefore pay particular attention to the evaluation system organization of internal control. Since, the board of Polly Peck was largely passive, and the governance structure tends to be lax. This is why the system of internal control organization of the institution depends largely on the level of commitment and competency of its management.3.2 Take into account the audit risk As with any audit, the auditor must explicitly assess the audit risk, that is to say, the opportunity to express an opinion on incorrect the accuracy of the financial statements of the institution, twain in terms of financial statements at the level of account balances. Audit risk has three components inherent risk, the risk control, and the risk of non-detection. At the financial statement level, the main determine risks are inherent risk and control risk. Regardless of the system of internal control, some risks come from the nature of the business activities and its industry.A t Polly Peck a significant deed of account staff did not fully understand the credit procedures as they have been trained to work in the social field rather than in the field financial. Accounting was carried out by staff with little experience of range entry accounting, international accounting standards, etc. In addition, the organizations activities were decentralized and geographically dispersed often in remote areas without adequate infrastructure.3.3 Identify breaches of risk control policies faulty procedures may cause a significant risk control through audits of microfinance institutions. Yet internal controls are crucial for microfinance institutions. When the internal control has besides significant weaknesses, the audit of the institution may become impossible. If control risk is high, the auditor must evaluate whether we can to use extensive substantive tests, and if this come near is economically feasible for the institution. In addition to a thorough evaluation of internal controls, the external auditor must test the controls made at the account balances but prior to these tests, the external auditors should explain their understanding and evaluation systems, using checklists of descriptions and charts.3.4 Identify risk of non-detection The risk of non-detection, that is to say the risk of material misstatement not be detected by the auditor shall be determined for each balance account, this risk depends on the assessment of inherent risk and risk control.3.5 Defining the level of significance The definition of significance levels is crucial in determining the nature, e- tense, and timing of audit procedures. A significance level is limit beyond which the potential errors are considered problematic. If the sum of uncorrected misstatements identified during the audit de- passes the threshold of significance, the auditor may not be able to issue an unqualified opinion. The significance level is inversely related to audit risk. more the audit r isk, that is to say the combination of inherent risk, risk control and the risk of non-detection is evaluated as important, the higher the threshold significance is low. In other words, only a low level of defects not corrected is acceptable. The significance depends on the determinants identified during the mission planning. An important determinant of financial statements is a factor that users of financial statements are most likely to focus their attention, given the nature of the institution. Identification of factors determinants is a matter of professional judgment. Determinants, which can be used to determine the significance level are e.g. net income, total assets, revenues, and funds own. Significance levels may vary in the midst of 2 and 10% of factor. In the join States, some use external auditors, as basis of materiality for a commercial bank, 2% of total assets. For an institution whose weak internal controls, the auditor may reduce significant at 1% of total assets acceptable rate abnormalities. There is no general rules to define the thresholds of significance, hence the auditor should use his/her judgment.The evaluation by the auditor of materiality and audit risk at planning the audit, may change after evaluating the results of audit procedures. This may be collect to a change in circumstances, or a development of knowledge of the listener, following the audit. For example, if the audit is scheduled before the end of the year, the auditor will anticipate the results of and financial position. If actual results to differ materially from this estimate, the assessment of materiality and audit risk may be changed.3.6 Evaluation of the internal audit and relations with auditors internal The external auditor should consider the work of internal auditors during the phase planning the audit. Internal auditors evaluate and monitor systems accounting and internal control. Internal audit is an essential chemical element to ensure a sound internal con trol system, and also an important tool reduction, detection and investigation of fraud.3.7 Obtain an approved status laws or regulations may impose establishment of an internal audit service. When there is an internal audit function, the auditor must evaluate its objectivity, its scope, technical skills and rigor. This assessment must include a review of the service organization, its staff, its purpose, its reports and programs. Potential conflicts must be evaluated. For example, if the audit service Internal reports on its work in the service that he is auditing, the question of the objectivity of the findings of the internal audit service arises. such situation can significantly reduce the value placed on the work of the internal auditor by the external auditor. I preservely, the internal audit department must account of his work directly to the board or committee audit, if one exists. If the external auditor believes, following a screening assessment, the internal audit service is reliable, it must test the work performed by the service to confirm this assessment. This is usually done by do a new test on a sample of the work performed by the auditor.ConclusionThe paper laid down a methodical come out to investigate fraud in financial statements of Polly Peck to identify whether the CEO or the top management of the caller was involved in deliberate misrepresentation of financial statements to raise share price of the company and to fraud shareholders of the company. The key consideration in this plan was triangulation of the elements of the investigation to find out whether all elements of the financial reporting match. Triangulation is all the more important for investigation of Polly Pecks finances since the operations of the company were overseas and centralized reporting was not carried out of companys finances.Appendix 1In this Appendix will be reviewed a part of Polly Pecks frauds and most of the unclear moves and actions of Asil Nadir, also will be made a consideration and comparison with Enron case.Polly Peck was a great company with a superb vision on the market and it wont be a lie if it is said that is was a shareholder dream for every investor in the world. It has many close points of fraud to Enron case.The first fraudulent coincidence is that in twain cases the most important papers and documents disappear. Enron shredded tons of paper, while in Polly Pecks case they just disappear and Nadir told that there are no available and existing documents in their original.The second conjunction with Enron case is that Polly Peck built a hotel in Turkey, which costs around 70 one million million and the debt of the company did not increase. In Enron the debts were transferred and funded to other small companies. The main idea here is the head company to looks attractive, valuable and without debts.The third coincidences amongst both companies is that they deal with complementary goods, which cant be substitute. As well Enr on, in Polly Peck case we have huge problems with accounting. In the first case we have fault accounting, here also emerge some misleadings in this sector/department.Appendix 2In this appendix will take a look at the meanings of the methods and approach shotes, which are part of fraud investigation and help us to reveal a fraud. Firstly, it should be known that such investigation is quite big-ticket(prenominal) and it should be started if there are really serious reasons that fraud occur.Testimonial distinguish This type of prove is collected from people, who are interviewed and persuade to fill in honestly test, to realize whether we can believe in them. In Polly Pecks case should be used this model, to take an interrogation with the people worked for this company and eventually may know something important.Documentary evidence This type of evidence is collected from computers, documents, servers, data mining, public records, searches and so on. In addition, in such situations the databases are great source of information, no matter the information is deleted, it can be restored. This type of evidence can be used as well in this case, because most of the fraudulent information is saved on computers and if restored can answer us the basic question, is there a fraud or not.Physical evidence This type of evidence is concerned with taking fingerprints, id takingss, weapons, stolen property and so on, which can be linked to a fraudulent act.Personal observation This type of evidence is also named sense evidence, because it is very close to the information, which is heard, seen, felt, etc..A second method of investigating a scheme is to focus on the fraud triangles. It should be investigated all variants, elements of the following triangles.Theft act try to seize the perpetrator to wrench a data or information.Concealment In this part should be interpreted under consideration and used documents, computer hard disks, etc.Conversion is to define whether the defe ndant used money or property fraudulently for personal benefit. An great example of this type is the case Brandt v. State, 1944Atmospheric Drag Model EssayAtmospheric Drag Model EssayThe atmospherical drag1 IntroductionThe principal non-gravitational force acting on sends in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) is atmospheric drag. This effect for a LEO satellite has direct implications in satellite lifetime. Indeed, drag acts in the opposite direction of the velocity vector and removes energy from the orbit. This energy reduction causes to the orbit to get smaller, leading to further increases in drag. Eventually, the aggrandizement of the orbit becomes so small that the satellite reenters in the atmosphere.The equation for acceleration due to drag is atmospheric niggardness (kg.m-3) satellites cross-sectional area (m) satellites mass (kg) satellites velocity with respect to the atmosphere (m.s-2) drag coefficient (dimensionless) ballistic coefficientDrag presents a challenge to accura te modeling, because the dynamics of the upper atmosphere are not completely understood, in part due to the limited knowledge of the interaction of the solar wind and the Earths magnetic field. In addition, drag models contain many parameters that are difficult to estimate with reasonable accuracy atmospheric density, ballistic coefficient, cross-sectional area compute atmospheric density is often the most difficult part of assessment in modeling the atmosphere. Its complexity is apparent from the sheer design of regime. In addition, although set are shown for temperature and altitude, they all change over time and are very difficult to predict.Strong drag occurs in dense atmospheres, and satellites with perigees below 120 km have such miserable lifetimes that their orbits have no practical importance. Above 600 km, on the other hand, drag is so weak that orbits usually last more than the satellites operational lifetimes. At this altitude, perturbations in orbital period are so s electric arc that we can easily account for them without accurate knowledge of the atmosphere density. At intermediate altitudes however, roughly two variable energy sources cause large noveltys in atmospheric density and generate orbital perturbations the geomagnetic field and solar activity. These variations can be predicted with two empirical models the Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) and the Jacchia models.Knowing that the considered satellite should be at an altitude of 700 km (the last launches of nano-satellites express that the start altitude is often very inaccurate), the Jacchia model is the most accurate one to estimate atmospheric density, and in this way satellite lifetime.2 The Jacchia atmospheric density modelThe Jacchia atmospheric density model formulation is very common, but also very complex. The model contains analytical expressions for determining exospheric temperature as a function of position, time, solar activity and geomagnetic activity. Wi th a computed temperature, density can be calculated from empirically determined temperature profiles or from the diffusion equation. Then the overall approach is to model the atmospheric temperature.In this way, to simplify the analytical resolution, the altitude range will be constraint from the start altitude at 700 km to cc km.1 Evaluating temperatureJacchia defines the region above 125 km in altitude with an empirical, asymptotic function for temperature distance between satellite and ground station (tiptop above the reference ellipsoid) (km) base value temperature (Kelvin) corrected exospheric temperature (Kelvin) inflection point temperature (Kelvin)As needed in the two equations above, the corrected exospheric temperature is defined as below uncorrected exospheric temperature (Kelvin) correction factor for exospheric temperature (Kelvin) represents the exospheric temperature without any correction. It is based on the nighttime global exospheric temperature, excluding all effects of geomagnetic activityWhere is the average daily solar flux at a 10.7 cm wavelength for the day of interest and is an 81-day running average of values, centered on the day of interest. Because the effect of solar flux on atmospheric density lags one day behind the observed values, calculations can (at best) use values which are one day old. The resulting value of can be used now to determine the uncorrected exospheric temperature. suns declination geodetic latitude of the satellite , (-180 Actually can be determined from the level product and the two vectors for the Sun and the satellite. More complicated methods are available to determine the, but the precision here does not need extra accuracy.Now the geomagnetic activity and its effect on temperature have to be corrected. The correction factor for exospheric temperature,, depends on the geomagnetic index, , and is calculated for altitudes at least 200 km. The actual value of is with a 3-hour lag, in which the molecular intersection build up and the change in density would be noticed.2 Evaluating density scale heightFor planetary atmospheres, density scale height describes a difference in height, over which the density of the atmosphere changes significantly by a factor e (approximately 2.71828 , the base of congenital logarithms, decreasing upward). Usually, the scale height remains constant for a particular temperature. However, in the upper part of the atmosphere, it changes significantly and in different ways. For instance, at highschool over 100 km, molecular diffusion means each molecular atomic species has it own scale height. This part will only focus on density scale height at altitude above 105 km.The temperature profile has to be integrated in the total scrap density of the five dollar bill atmospheric components, in order to achieve their individual effect on the standard density. As the altitude assumed above 500 km, the concentration of enthalpy have to be taken in to account also. First of all, the heat content number density at 500 km altitude (in cm-3)Implemented in the hydrogen number density equation for altitude greater than 500 km molecular mass of hydrogen erg/K Boltzmanns constantThen the number density of the other atmospheric components which are nitrogen N2, oxygen molecular O2 and atomic O, and helium He (in cm-3)i denotes N2, O2, O or He number density of each constituent at 105 km altitude thermal diffusion coefficient (only for Helium)The correction for Helium number density because of seasonal-latitudinal variations is (dimensionless)And implemented hereFinally, the total number density is given by (in cm-3)Hence, the mass density (in gm/cm-3) mass of the constituent I in gm/moleWhich gives the molecular mass Avogadros numberFinally, the density scale height, according to the temperature profile which depends mainly of the satellites altitude and position from the Sun universal bollix constant3 Evaluating densityJacc hia used a standard exponential relation to evaluate density base atmospheric density (kg.m-3) distance between satellite and ground station (height above the reference ellipsoid) (km) base altitude (km) scale height (km)An interesting point to highlight is below 150 km, the density is not strongly affected by solar activity. However, at satellite altitudes in the range of 500 to 800 km, the density variations between solar maximum and solar minimum are approximately 2 orders of magnitude. The large variations in density imply that satellites will decay more rapidly during periods of solar maxima and much more slowly during solar minima. The effect of the solar maxima will also depend on the satellite ballistic coefficient. Those with a low ballistic coefficient will respond quickly to the atmosphere and will tend to decay promptly. Those with high ballistic coefficients will push through a larger number of solar cycles and will decay much more slowly. Note that time for satelli te decay is generally measured better in solar cycles than in years. From there to lifetimes of about half a solar cycle (approximately 5 years) there will be a very strong difference between satellites launched at the start of a solar minimum and those launched at the start of solar maximum.The first correction to apply to this equation is for seasonal latitudinal variation in the lower thermosphere geodetic latitude, measured confirmatoryly north from the equator (deg) Julian date of 1958 (years)The Julian date of 1958 is used to determine the number of years from 1958. is the number of days from January 1, 1958The correction for semi-annual variations is as belowThis correction uses an intermediate value For altitudes above 200 km, the geomagnetic effect can be neglected on density. Hence, these corrections can be apply to the standard densityGiving the final corrected densityEven though any model cannot do a real adequate job of modeling the atmosphere, the Jacchia model co ntinues to perform exceptionally well compared to the others and is the fastest overall. Moreover, it is the only one which give analytical formulas which can be computed without external values, even though that degrades the result in a way.3 The ballistic coefficientDrag also depends on the ballistic coefficient, defined as a body measure of the ability to overcome air resistance in flight. For instance, satellites in LEO with high ballistic coefficients experience smaller perturbations to their orbits due to atmospheric drag. In regards to the nano-satellite analysis, mass and cross-sectional area do not change at any time. Actually, nano-satellite cannot change their position because they do not have any ergol propellers. Hence this coefficient depends mainly of the drag one.The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two basis contributors to fluid dynamic drag skin friction and form drag. In most cases, this coefficient is estimated. Considering the config uration of the spacecraft as a regular brick-like shape and the environment conditions, it is estimated here at 2,1. Theoretically, it is highly impossible to have an subscribe to solution, only experiments might approximate it.Ligneous Periodontitis Literature ReviewLigneous Periodontitis Literature ReviewAbstractLigneous periodontitis is sick defined, a rare form of periodontitis. It is characterized by pseudomembrane-forming gingival lesion with accumulation of amyloid-like material and may or may not be associated with ligneous pinkeye. It is possibly due to type I plasminogen lack but the exact cause is unknown. This review describes ligneous periodontitis in detail with respect to etiology, clinical, histological features and treatment modality. anchor wordsLigneous periodontitis, ligneous conjunctivitis, pseudomembranous periodontitis, plasminogen deficiencyIntroductionThe term ligneous periodontitis was first used by Omer Guuhen et al1 to describe a destructive membranou s periodontal disease. It is poorly defined entity characterized by gingival enlargement and periodontal destruction due to accumulation of amyloid-like material. Accumulation of amyloid-like material lacks the classical histochemical and ultrastructural features of amyloid.2Most of the pseudomembranous gingival lesions have been reported in association with ligneous conjunctivitis. Therefore, finding suggests that both clinical facial expressions are related. Ligneous conjunctivitis is rare form of chronic conjunctivitis that usually affects children, girls more often than boys in ratio of 31 but may occur at any age.3,4 This condition is ocular manifestation of a systemic disease that might be accompanied by formation of pseudomembranes on mucosa of oral cavity (ligneous periodontitis),1,5,6,7 respiratory tract-larynx, trachea6,8,9,10, nasopharynx , female genital tract (ligneous vulvovaginitis or cervicitis),6,10 middle ear ,9,10 gastrointestinal tract the mastoid system.10Etiol ogyEtiology of this lesion is not clear. Among the possible causes lawsuit I plasminogen deficiency, autoimmune reactions, trauma, hypersensitivity reaction, genic disorders and secondary response to viral or bacterial infections have been suggested.5,6,11Mingeret. Al12 and Schuster13 et al have reported homozygous mutations in plasminogen gene in ligneous conjunctivitis cases. It is suggested that plasminogen deficiency plays a central role in pathogenesis of this rare disease.The fibrinolytic system plays an important role in hemostasis for controlled dissolution of fibrin clot. Two type of military man plasminogen (PLG) deficiency exists14Hypoplasminogenemia / type I PLG deficiencyIn which markedly decrease PLG antigen 1.9 mg/dl (normal range 6 to 25 mg/dl) and working(a) activity upto 33% (normal range 80% to 120%)Dysplasminogenemia/ type II PLG deficiencyThere is reduced PLG activity, but normal or only fairly reduced PLG antigen levels.3Type I PLG deficiency was found to be associated with ligneous conjunctivitis (80%)6 characterized by fibrin rich pseudomembranes mainly on tarsal conjunctivae and other pesudomembranous lesion such as ligneous gingivitis and periodontitis (34%).3 Autosomal-recessive inheritance of this disorder was confirmed.13 In a large epidemiologic study in the United Kingdom, the prevalence of (heterozygous) type I PLG deficiency was reported to be 0.26% (25 of 9,611 subjects).16 The theoretically predicted prevalence of homozygote/compound heterozygote was estimated to be in the range of 1.6 per 1 million people, at least in Europe.3,8 Type II PLG deficiency patients, however, have never reported developing pseudomembranous lesion.PLG plays an important role in intravascular and extravascular fibrinolysis and wound healing. It is converted to plasmin by cleavage of the Arg561-Val562 peptide bewilder by either tissue-type PLG activator (tPA) or urokinase-type PLG activator (uPA).Activation of PLG by tPA is the major pathway t hat leads to efficient lysis of fibrin clots in the blood waterway, whereas activation of PLG by uPA seems to be mainly responsible for mediating PLG activation in association with cell surfaces (wound healing, tissue remodeling).14uPA PLG activation related to cell surfaces (wound healing, tissue remodeling)PLGtPA PLG activation lead to lysis of clot in the blood streamThe main substrate for plasmin is fibrin. Plasmin also has substrate specificities for several other components of the Extracellular matrix (ECM), including fibronectin, proteoglycans, and gelatin, indicating that plasmin also plays an important role in ECM remodeling.Indirectly, plasmin also degrades additional components of the ECM via its ability to convert some promatrix MMPs (pro-MMPs) to active MMPs. During normal wound healing of the gingiva, significant fibrinolysis occurs by day 3 to 4 and is virtually complete by 1 week. Persistence of the fibrin matrix is associated with the induction of angiogenesis and formation of granulation tissue.17Mingers et al12 were the first to show that plasma polymorphonuclear elastase protein levels were markedly elevated in patients with severe plasminogen deficiencies and more so in homozygous than in heterozygous patients. It is interesting to note that all patients with type I PLG deficiency have never been shown to have thrombophilia. In ligneous periodontitis, it is assumed that fibrin appearing during normal wound healing is persistent due to type I PLG deficiency.Plasminogen is the forerunner of plasmin, the main fibrinolytic enzyme which plays important roles in wound healing, keratinocyte division, migration, and differentiation. Central wound healing capacity with an arrest at the stage of granulation tissue formation and extravagant fibrin deposition is possible cause of ligneous periodontitis.Clinical features of ligneous periodontitisIt is presented as generalized ulcerated, massive, nodular, waxy gingival enlargement can involve both ma xilla and mandible.2 Gingival swelling could be painless or painful. Enlargement is white-yellow to pinkish pseudomembranous covering teeth, with tendency to bleed. Accompanied by extensive bone button may lead to loss of teeth.1Histological featuresAmyloid is a nonspecific histologic term for different chemical structures such as immunoglobulin light chain, serum amyloid fibril proteins, of import-2 microglobulin, transthyretin, keratin and some hormones.18 All these materials look like homogeneous eosinophilic substances by routine histologic methods and show the equivalent three-dimensional configuration.There are two different phases of development1In the first, gingival epithelium showed extensive irregular down-ward proliferation. Severe acute innervation of epithelium and underlying tissues with accumulation of homogenous eosinophilic fibrinous material around the vessels and beneath the epithelium. The inflammatory infiltrates included mostly plasma cells and polymorphon uclear leukocytes, with fewer lymphocytes and mast cells. epithelial tissue in acute phase showed edematous widening of intercellular spaces and contained numerous degenerated keratinocytes in the suprabasal layer in the form of hyaline apoptotic bodies. Subepithelial connective tissue is also edematous and contained numerous small dialated vessels and an amyloid like material.In second phase, the epithelium showed slight acanthosis and parakeratosis without ulceration. Inflammatory cell infiltrate is not as straining as in first stage. There is subepithelial amorphous, nodular, homogeneous, eosinophilic amyloid-like accumulation. The accumulated material did not show the typical apple green/ golden brown double refraction of amyloid with Congo-red stain. Thioflavin-T fluorescence methods for demonstration of amyloid is also negative. Accumulation is reticulin poor and stained red with Massons trichrome stain.Immunostaining shows strongly positive for fibrinogen and weakly positi ve for immunoglobulins. Electron microscopy of gingiva shows fine filaments, approximately 10nm in diameter arranged in interweaving bundles resembling those seen in ligneous conjunctivitis. Within this network there are short bundles of thicker, darker filaments resembling epithelial tonofilaments and also fragments of cellular debris. No typical collagen fibers were found within this material.19The reason why the amyloid-like material in these cases failed to show all the tinctorial properties of amyloid can be explained by considering the process of amyloidogenesis. For materials like immunoglobulin light chain and keratins to acquire the typical properties of amyloid, a time-dependent series of events must occur consecutively.19 Failure of one or more of these stages to take place may conceivably result in the formation of a material which shares only some of the features of amyloid. This half-amyloid, half-hyaline material (hyaline-amyloid) needs more filamentous degeneration o f the deposited materials in order to stain as typical amyloid.19TREATMENTSeveral treatment efforts such as subgingival curettage, gingivectomy, chlorhexidine rinsing and antibiotics were unsuccessful. running(a) excisions of gingival lesion are followed by rapid recurrence of membranous lesions. Extraction of most permanent teeth appears to be inevitable due to advanced alveolar consonant bone loss and poor prognosis of this ligneous disease. Administration of topical plasminogen has shown good results for the treatment of ligneous conjunctivitis,20 whereas its efficacy for the treatment of oral lesion remains to be elucidated. It is expected, however that topical plasminogen together with periodontal therapy can postpone it until adulthood, when a more aggressive approach can be considered. In some cases gingival lesions becomequiescent or disappear following tooth loss.2 Frimodt- Moller5 also noticed some regression in the eyelid lesion following tooth extraction. Different mod alities of surgery, antibiotics, steroids, antiviral agents, beta and x-ray irradiation were found ineffective in the treatment.6

Decline Catholicism :: essays research papers

Picture this if you will. In the beginning (being 1945) god created a shepherd (the Catholic Church) in which we the sheep followed blindly. Everywhere the shepherd took us, we would follow without complaint. A sheep dared not question the Shepherd or stray from the flock in fear of being label a bad sheep (catholic) and suffering the consequences of eternal damnation. But as time went on and the sheep modernized, however the shepherd was stubborn and conservative in his ways and refused to change. So the sheep began to stray from the shepherd with little fear, scattering, going to other pastures and other flocks with other Shepherds. The Shepherd realized his flock was depleting so he began to modernize as easily and changed his ways. With this now modern shepherd, the modern sheep began to gradually come back. But living in a modern pasture the relationship between the two had changed.Mr. Houston associate students, What were the reasons for the decline of Catholicism in Americ a since 1945, this has been the topic of my research for the previous three terms. The previous analogy, although being far fetched, if you put it into perspective outlines my opinion on the development of Catholicism since 1945 to the present day. That initially we followed the Catholic Church unquestionably and devoutly, mass on Sundays, fish on Fridays (etc). But as society modernized and became increasingly secular in education, the media and politics, people began to question some of the church teachings and the church authorities. Though the church, lead by conservatives initially would not change. As Catholics began to cue away, the church realizing the situation reassessed their position at Vatican 2, which resulted in the modernized Catholic Church. Consequently from here catholic social rank began to increase, however the nature of Catholicism changed. This leads me to my possibilityIn our modernized secular society, catholic membership began to drop initially, due to t he conservative views of the church. As a result of Vatican 2 Catholicism was modernized and membership within the religion was re-established. Although the nature of Catholicism has changed in this age of materialism and consumerism, this does not necessarily indicate direction of decline.Before I begin my findings I would like to define the nature of secularism which is a word you will hear throughout my research. Secularism rejection of religious and sacred forms and practices in favour of rational assessment and decision-making, and well-mannered institutions of government

The Marxist Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Marxist crossroads In his article Funeral Bakd Meats Carnival and the Carnivalesque in Hamlet, Michael D. Bristol mingles Marxism and Bakhtins imprint of double talk aboutd textuality into an unique reading of Shakespeares drama as a struggle between opposing economic classes. Bristol opens with a two paragraph preface on Marxism, highlighting Marxs own abnegation of Marxism Marx is famous for the paradoxical claim that he was not a Marxist (Bristol 348). While he acknowledges some of the flaws inherent in Marxist criticism, Bristol uses the introductory paragraphs to assert the enormous importance of the theory of class consciousness and class struggle which Marxist theory includes (349). Having prepared readers for a discourse whose foundation lies upon the most fundamental idea in Marxism, Bristol recasts Hamlet as a class struggle. A strange, mutli-faceted mingling pervades Bristols argument, and, according to his thesis the drama of Hamlet as well. According to Bristol, two contrasting texts, two opposing cordial worlds, flow past one another in the drama, forming a strange foramen of grief and of festive laughter (350). This odd juxtaposition of opposites becomes the basis for Bristols introduction of the carnivalesque. The echoes of Carnival in spite of appearance Hamlet, according to Bristol, ceaselessly evolve throughout the play until they eliminate their most perfect representation in the grave-diggers scene of the fifth act. Bristol assigns Carnival a function that immensely strengthens his thesis Carnival opens up alternative possibilities for attain and helps to facilitate creativity in the social sphere (351). Bristols discussion of Carnival expands in order to include the theories ... ...istol concludes his article by explaining the ultimate end of the Carnivalesque, the dissolution, and last the extinction of identity, the annihilation of the individual in the historical continuum (365). The bodies of the festival-makers, the cou rt of Hamlet, lie on the stage like slaughtered meat (364). Bristol concludes that the second culture, or the second language, of Carnival within the drama of Hamlet, supplies an alternate reading for the drama by uncrowning the shifting rationales used to explicate political intrigue, by transforming the play into a struggle between social classes as expressed by the carnivalesque (365). The doubleness of Hamlet, the mingling of tragedy and the comic, sheds new light on the drama as an ambivalent and grotesque Carnival which diametrically contrasts the origin and propriety typically associated with the play.

Is artificial intelligence possible? Essay -- Computer Science

Is slushy intelligence possible?IS A.I. POSSIBLE?In the science fiction film, The Terminator order by James Cameron,the electronic data processors in the movie get smart and rise up against their humanmasters. In other words, the data processors in the movie were able to proceed independent of their programmers and developed a kind ofartificial intelligence (A.I.). This essay will prove that in reallife, computers will never realize artificial intelligence, and tooeven though functionalism is based on an analogy between humans andcomputers, it is an effective way to describe the interaction betweenthe mind and body. twain essays will be evaluated in this essay. Thefirst essay was called Can Computers Think? by John Searle whichrejects the theory of A.I. The second essay was called Escaping fromthe Chinese Room by Margret Boden, which supports A.I.A functionalist view of the mind is one that draws an analogy betweenthe functioning of the human encephalon and the functioning of the digitalcomputer. The strongest view says that the mind and the brain atomic number 18 justdigital computers. This is called strong A.I., which is a term coinedby John Searle.American Hilary Putnam was one of the first to make the analogybetween the brain and the computer Putnam said it made no more senseto compare the mind and the brain then to compare the software withthe hardware of a computer. He also made the point that psychologistswere like programmers and electrical engineers were like physicians.Putnam also made the point not to take the analogy too far. There are of the essence(predicate) differences between computers and humans. One of thedifferences Putnam felt was that all humans were able to learn fromtheir experience and so change their own program but few computerscould do that unaided Hilary Putnam also argued against identifyingpsychological events with neurophysiologic events, and even againstthe attempt to do so. He felt mapping the brain to the mind was awa ste of time.Jerry Fodor was another soundly known functionalist. Fodor, like Putnamfelt that functionalism alleviated many of the problems associatedwith other mind body theories. These other mind body theories includedCartesian Dualism, materialism, behaviorism and the personal identity theory.Cartesian Dualism is the theory that that the mind and the brain aretwo separate things... ... as these are products of peoplenot brains. She tries to demonstrate that the robot and the humanbrain are the same, in that they are both made up of small very stupidparts which build into a collective brain that is satisfactory ofunderstandingThe fact that a certain light sensitive cell can respond to intensitygradients and that one neuron can inhibit the bagging of anotherProblem with this explanation is that now instead of input from akeyboard, the robot now receives its information from its sensors. Theinput will still be bear upon programming in the CPU of the robot.Boden did not disprove Searles point that the syntax of a program isnot sufficient for understanding of a digital computer system. Bodencould not show that non-biological entity did have understanding, butshe did show that Searles argument on this point was a little weakbecause it relied on in tuition. The functionalism theory was shown tobe an attractive theory a long as it was not taken too literally.Consequently it was shown in this essay that due to syntactical natureof computer programs and the computers lack of causal powers neededfor a machine to have mental states.

What Sort Of A King Was Duncan? :: essays research papers

We were not told an awful lot about Duncan in Shakespeares Macbeth. He had very a few(prenominal) lines, and appeared on only a few occasions. Despite this, I was able to gather a fair idea of Duncans character, through the interpretation of messages hidden within the text.Duncan was a kind and salutary man. There are several seg workforcets of the play that show this as I prolong demonstrated below.Duncan is an extremely trustworthy King of his fellow men. He trusts his men with his life, his children, his throne, and most highly, his kingdom. He has no other choice but to trust these men. "The service and loyalty throne and state, children and servants, Which do but what they should by doing everything Safe toward your experience and honour"Macbeth I.iv.22-27We see how he surpasses a blind eye to the people who serve him. He cannot judge them in anyway, for he thinks of them as pure and ingenuous as himself. He also thought that Macbeth is a true man to him. Later on, we see how his judgment has not served him well."He was a gentleman on whom I built An absolute trust" I.iii.14-15Duncan regards his fellow men rather highly. He often praises their work and service to himself and his kingdom(1)     "Welcome hither. I have begun to plant thee, and will labour To make thee full of growing. -Noble Banquo, That hast no less deserved, nor must be known No less to have done so, let me infold thee, And hold thee to my heart." I.iv.27-32(2)     "My worthy Cawdor" To Macbeth I.iv.49(3)     "True, worthy Banquo he is full so valiant, And his commendations I am fed It is a banquet to me. Lets after him, Whose heraldic bearing is gone before to bid us welcome. It is a peerless kinsman.(4)     "Give me your hand Conduct me to mine host. We love him highly, And shall continue our graces towards him" Talking about Macbeth I.iiv.28-30(5)  & nbsp  "How you shall bid graven image ield us for your pains, And thank us for your trouble" I.vii.13-14Duncan represents the purest of all beings.