LEGAL ASPECT OF NURSING Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEGAL ASPECT OF NURSING - Case Study Example After the patient admitted he was thinking of harming himself, it was prudent he was offered specialized care immediate treatment and a one on one observation in a bid to prevent that which was bound to happen. In this case the hospital staff neglected their obligation to ensure the patients safety and to offer the required care and attention that comes with his condition especially bearing in mind the sole reason he was brought to the institution was to secure his safety. Who are the defendants in this case? Which defendants could potentially be held liable and Why? Having been brought by an officer of the law and by accepting to admit Mr. Garcia the hospital took full responsibility and as such should be held liable. In this case the Hospital and the staff who were directly involved in admitting the patient are the defendants. The Hospital staff in this case will potentially carry the load as they are directly charged with the responsibility of taking care of the patients. In the l ine of discharging their duty they failed to properly evaluate the situation and give Mr. Garcia the care that he required. The American Nurses Association defines nursing practice as a process that involves proper assessment of patients, proper decision making and right application of nursing knowledge to a patient (deWit, 2001). With this regard the hospital staff took off on the wrong foot right from the start. Although restrained Mr. Garcia was not observed as should have which enabled him to slip out of the restraints and facility unnoticed. Therefore, it is reasonable and just to hold the hospital staff liable. How do you think the court would rule in such a case? Why? The submissions of both the plaintiffs and the defendants will most definitely determine the ruling, but in my opinion the court should rule in favor of the plaintiff. In this matter several elements on negligence and malpractice have emerged from the hospitals staff. It is clear if proper precautions were taken right from the point where Mr. Gracias was admitted his life could have been saved. Failure to provide direct patient observation clearly highlights the violation of the hospitals obligation to safeguard its patients and prioritize their health. It is this act by the staff that leads to the damages on the patient Mr. Garcia and his family. The following are among the elements that directly or indirectly caused the death of the patient therefore in my opinion makes the defendants guilty. Duty: - It was the duty of the hospital and its staff to ensure that the patient was safe, as he had been taken there specifically to ascertain his safety. They evidently have failed in this duty because it was reasonably foreseeable that the patient left on his own would harm himself and it is why he was rushed to the hospital by the officer and constrained. There is a relationship between the patient and the hospital because they admitted him, though failed to give him proper care. Factual causati on: - By the mere fact that the officer brought the patient to the hospital by the confession that he intended to kill himself shows the seriousness the officer took the issue, now that the patient escaped from the hospital unnoticed and killed himself when he was their responsibility means they are at fault and therefore culpable. Remoteness: - The issue of the patient leaving the hospital and harming

Youth Feedback for Youth Problems Essay Example for Free

Youth Feedback for Youth Problems Essay Despite regulation, underage students in colleges around the nation find it easy to consume alcohol and are very likely to binge drink. What are the implications? What is the role of formal control? Perhaps the best way to answer these questions is to pose them to the young community builders who may be aware of the best ways to help their friends that are engaging in destructive behaviors (Finn Checkoway, 1998). Binge drinking and drug use are very common among young adults, including college students. As a matter of fact, young people are also facing dire consequences of substance abuse with falling grades, drunken driving accidents, sexual harassment, and violence. Unsurprisingly, society views this as a serious problem, and psychologists are trying to understand substance abuse among young adults before they can hope to provide help to the individuals concerned. This effort on the part of researchers is based on the premise that we cannot solve a problem before we understand the nature of the problem. Here enters the importance of the young community builders: they are able to easily explain to social workers the nature of the problems faced by their young friends. By understanding the problems in depth, social welfare workers may very well find themselves in the position to root them out. Young community builders must, therefore, be considered a community resource that social welfare workers should make excellent use of. Young people are not only able to better understand the problems of the youth, but they are also able to suggest solutions. Furthermore, these young guides can help social welfare organizations target the real needs of the youth by providing necessary information that would eventually benefit all people. References Finn, J. L. , Checkoway, B. (1998). Young People as Competent Community Builders: A Challenge to Social Work. National Association of Social Workers, Inc.

Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Essay -- Robert Frost Home Bur

Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost wrote the poem Home Burial after he and his wife suffered the tragic loss of their 4-year-old son. Home Burial shows the emotions people feel after such a loss, and how they face those emotions. Through Frost's experience he shows that men and women grieve in different ways. In Home Burial Frost demonstrates, through the husband, that in the grieving process men tend to show strength. Throughout the poem you see the husband proceed to do his everyday tasks. The husband states, 'Three foggy mornings and one rainy day are enough to rot the best birch fence a man could build.'(Robert Frost). Here is just one example of how the husband is trying to move forward through work. Another example of how the husband tries to continue with life is seen in this statement he makes, 'Can't a man speak of his own child he's lost?'(Frost). In addition to work, the husband tries to get past their loss by speaking of his child. He does not want to forget about his child. Through the use of words, the husband can keep the memory of that child alive; while at the same time get adjusted to the fact that his child is dead. We see through the eyes of Frost, that as the strength and breadwinner of the family, the husband tries to heal his wife Amy?s grief, fix her. Speaking to Amy he says, ?There you have said it all and you feel better.?(Frost). Robert Gale, a critic of the poem says, ?He puts too much faith in words.?(Robert Gale). The husband, in trying to fix Amy?s grief, wants her to believe that since she has verbally stated how she feels, she can now move on. He fails to realize that the pain Amy feels runs deeper than just words, or doesn?t want to believe that his pain o... ...e associated this with the rotting corpse of their child. She sees her husband as unfeeling and unemotional about their child. Since she will not communicate with him, she cannot understand how he could just bury their child and not give it a second thought. Home Burial opens the eyes of the reader. It allows one to see the different ways people grieve. It shows that there is no right or wrong way to grieve, and that just because two people don?t show their grief in the same manner it does not mean that one person is in more pain than the other. This poem shows the importance of communication between a husband and wife, and that the best way to get past the pain of losing a loved one just may be to lean on others, who like you, were also left behind Bibliography: 1) Frost, Robert. 'Home Burial.' 2) Gale, Robert L. 'Home Burial.' MagilOnLine.

What is the importance of the description of Alison in the Context of t

In â€Å"The Miller’s Tale†, the poet Chaucer depicts the tale of a â€Å"hende† man and his attempt to tempt the â€Å"primerole† Alisoun to commit adultery and therefore render her husband, John a â€Å"cokewold†. The Miller’s Tale is just one story amongst a collection of greater works known collectively as â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†. The placing of this tale is significant becomes it comes directly after the Knight’s Tale revolving around nobility and chivalry and forms a direct contrast due to the fact it is bawdy, lewd and highly inappropriate. The tale is a fabliau, a versified short story designed to make you laugh; concerned usually with sexual or excretory functions. The plot often involves members of the clergy, and is usually in the form of a practical joke carried out for love or revenge and fabliaux are often viewed as a lower class genre. One of the central characters in the poem is that of Alison, a woman who is married to an older man called John the carpenter, â€Å"this carpenter hadde wedded newe a wyf†. Alison's attractions are suggested primarily by animal similes and she is described as radiant â€Å"ful brighter was the shining of hir hewe†. Alison’s beauty cannot be separated from her animation and vitality. This, with a hint of naivety, is suggested by the comparisons to "kide or calf" and (twice) to a colt. Alison is soft as a â€Å"wether's wolle† and her voice is like the swallow's. A supple, sinuous quality of her figure is suggested in the sim...

Early marriage Essay

Early marriages are marriages that happen between people under the age of eighteen. Such marriages are spread all over Palestine. In particular, they occur in Palestinian rural rather than urban areas. These practices take place for several reasons. One very important cause is the religious definition of adulthood which is more related to physical and biological aspects rather than psychological and behavioral. Another essential purpose for this practice is the lack of adequate education. Moreover, sometimes it is caused by the negative social point of view that links between fertility and age for women. However, governments, nowadays, are working to decrease the practice of early marriage as it deprives girls from their major rights and causes many health consequences for them. One effect of the early marriage is that it takes away many of the girls’ major rights. Firstly, it deprives them from the right to continue their education. As an illustration, the majority of girls, especially those who live in rural areas, are forced to get married instead of persisting their education. Furthermore, this deprivation results in lack of knowledge on how to raise the children well. Secondly, being forced to marry at an early age does not allow the girls to choose their lifelong partner. Thus, it makes her more of a follower instead of taking her decisions by herself. Finally, girls who marry at a young age are often isolated from their society and friends. This means, most of the young wives do not have the right to communicate freely with their family and friends since the responsibilities does not allow them to do so. On my point of view, forcing young women to marry before they reach eighteen years old is a violation against basic human rights. Another possible effect of the early marriage is that it leads to some bad health consequences on the woman herself and on her children too. For example, young brides are expected to become pregnant at an early age and there is a strong connection between the age of a mother and affectionate mortality. To be specific, Girls ages l0-14 are five times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women aged 20-24 and girls aged 15-19 are twice as likely to die .additionally, young mothers live greater risks during their pregnancies and suffer from many complications. For instance, they go through many dangerous conditions such as heavy bleeding, fistula, infection, anemia, and eclampsia which contribute to higher mortality rates  of both mother and child. In addition, early marriages may also lead to vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among young wives. To be particular, in Africa, Being young and female is a major risk factor for infection and young girls are being infected at a considerably disproportional rate to that of boys. Despite the fact that early marriages are sometimes seen by parents as a mechanism for protecting their daughters from HIV/AIDS, future husbands may already be infected from previous sexual encounters; so, it is a risk which is particularly serious for girls with older husbands. The lake of major rights and the physical consequences are some of the effects of early marriage that leads to a poor life to an innocent child. Therefore, there has to be more emphasis on the governments to convince people against it .However, families, nowadays, have recognized that young marriages are not good for children especially for girls. In addition, some concerned groups have actually tried to make new laws in countries so that the legal age of marriage will be raised to eighteen or more in order to save lives and create a better world for females.

Parliament vs. Democracy essays

Parliament vs. Democracy essays The Philippines has indeed gone through decades worth of experiences as what has been dictated by a rich history of colonialism, revolutions, a strong impetus for independence, change in government, change in government and yeah, change in government. But all these reforms and transitions ironically didnt seem to suffice as our country is still relatively young in terms of development and progress. Questions on the effectiveness of the current government are inevitably raised which all the more proves the countrys struggle to improve. The battle between a presidential and parliamentary government is all but alien to us and has been considered gravely many times. Rep. Florencio B. Abad, in his article Should the Philippines Turn Parliamentary? presented a great deal of valid claims with regards to the preferable compensation a parliamentary government can offer over a presidential one. Even though his article appeared a little much too insistent in insinuating the advantages applying a parliamentary type of government could produce, consequently ignoring a presidential systems benefits and looking much into its weaknesses; I still would have to agree to most of the propositions he made. A parliamentary type of government provides a whole new different approach in the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of the government. They no longer are independent branches but rather possess, as Stepan and Skach have mentioned, a mutually dependent relationship. This, in my opinion, would prove to be a good measure especially when taking into consideration the miscommunication and gridlocks independent branches produce. The legislators make laws, the executive execute them, seems plain enough. But realistically considering the unspoken at the same time outspoken feud between these two branches, plain enough duties becomes arduous tasks. Wh...

China The next hegemonic power

China The next hegemonic power Introduction Global hegemony is a term mainly used to refer to a state in world affairs in which one nation exercises authority over the others because of a concentration of various powers in the former (Atasoy, 2009). The take-over of global dominance by the United States from Britain after the end of the World War I has revealed that there is one main reason as to why a country can cede supremacy over other nations. This reason is mainly overspending by the nations in power; a phenomenon sometimes known as imperial overstretch.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on China: The next hegemonic power? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States has for a while now been the single most powerful nation in the world. However, as time progresses, other contenders are gradually emerging for the same title with China leading the pack. This paper seeks to analyze the strengths that China has which could well be used to place it in a position of global politico-economic supremacy as well as point out the weaknesses that are pulling back the country in this regard. Aside from this, a brief detailing of an International Relations theoretical framework that can be used to explain China’s ascent into global supremacy shall be provided. China’s Strengths The Chinese economy has been confirmed to have grown ten-fold in the last thirty years and that in the past decade its gross domestic product per capita has doubled. Between 50 and 60 percent of the country’s GDP is taken by the nation’s manufacturing sector and one notable example of this is the steel industry (Vogelmann, 2008). Between 1995 and 2005, China’s production of steel had grown by over 290 tones; a figure which translates to a yearly growth of 39%. Such figures genuinely show that China is well on its way to a complete industrial overhaul. However, for China to rise to the level of making a mark as far as global hegemony is concerned, the impact of its growth has to be substantially appreciated by other nations across the globe. This growth will only make an impact if it is sustainable without sparking conflict between China and other superpowers. China commands a great portion of the world marketplace meaning that it has a substantial say in most monetary issues (Vogelmann, 2008). For instance China recently declined to let its currency appreciate claiming that it wanted to keep its trade balance away from world knowledge. This clearly illustrates that China is not willing to have other nations influence the decisions it makes on financial policies. As the country grows wealthier and in a sense becoming a key player in global economics and politics, its leaders will have to find ways of fostering peaceful relations with other nations, an aspect that will force them to downplay their nationalistic sentiments (Vogelmann, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on inter national relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another factor that could contribute to China upsetting the United States from global dominance is the sheer size of its military capabilities (Scobell, 2007). China is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and it therefore has unchallenged power over any issues that go through the organization’s chamber (Scobell, 2007). The country is also known to invest heavily in its military with its budget for this increasing by 15% last year. IR theoretical framework One theoretical framework of international relations that can be used to explain the concept of hegemonic power is Neorealism sometimes known as structured realism (May, Rosecrance and Steiner, 2010). This is theory was fronted by Kenneth Waltz and it is basically an advancement to ideas engulfed in traditional realism schools of thought. This theory holds it that in order to explain how a stat e conducts itself, the structure of the society in which particular states operate must be taken into account. According to this framework, structure is explained in two basic descriptions. The first is anarchy which is organization of global political and economic systems in alignment with one supreme power (May, Rosecrance and Steiner, 2010). The second is the emphasis on the military supremacy of nations that command worldwide authority in classifying the powers of countries as opposed to a combination of all state strengths. This theoretical framework can definitely be used to explain China’s rise in the 21st century particularly because it holds that for a country to grow to such a position that it commands great authority in the world it must have a strong military base and even greater financial supremacy, aspects which are well present in China. China’s weaknesses The greatest issue at the moment that would make China not get to the point of global dominance th at it desires is that the country is basically viewed as a security risk (Vogelmann, 2008). It is generally acceptable that as a country’s economic supremacy grows, so does its tendency to want to meddle into the affairs of other nations by trying to maintain order world wide. Chinese leaders are known to be prone to surrendering to nationalistic interests and if this submission is to occur with the country as the hegemonic leader, it could spark conflict, the size of the last world war. As a matter of fact China has a below par record when it comes to the issue of human rights and the country’s oppressive policies on the media rights have contributed to the country fairing badly in this issue (Scobell, 2007). Methodology The research will be based on secondary data collection. Data will be extracted from various journals, articles and books. The criteria of selection for the literature will be the relevance to the research topic as well as the year of publication. Bot h public and private libraries as well as online libraries will be visited in order to access the data.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on China: The next hegemonic power? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research will be partly evidence based and partly founded on professional research by professionals in the field. Various articles will be studied in order to provide background information which will essentially give credibility to the final essay. The possibility of China rising to global hegemony cannot be effectively analysed without obtaining information on the various strengths and spheres of influence of the country as far as world issues are concerned. These strengths have to be compared with those of the United States which currently exercises global supremacy and Britain, from which the United States took over. This will definitely make for some interesting research and in as much most of the i nformation will only be used for reference purposes, it will effectively came round to form the back-born of the paper. Information from the books will serve to provide explanation as regards the internal machinations of global hegemonies. This will be very crucial information that will make the research report appeal to both professionals and the general public. For the latter, it may require that some of the information obtained from the books and other publications be broken down into simple language and at the same time illustrations drawn from the past and present manifestations of single-nation global dominance. Empirical data will be collected from recent studies with numbers and figures used to show the costs and economical impact of a Chinese global hegemony and how it could effectively be used to serve as a guide for other nations that would like to rise to such levels of influence. Like with any other professional field of study, International Relations researches have to be conducted in such a way that the offer credibility to the practitioner. In such a scientific field, the strength lies in the figures and particularly the numbers obtained from real life scenarios to support collected evidence. With this knowledge in mind, effort will be made to obtain relevant information to the particular topic in question and this will be accompanied by proper citation. Reasons for Selecting the Above Methodology For any professional topic, chances are that extensive research has been carried out by professionals in the field before. Consequently, in order to establish the backbone of a given research project, it is only necessary that extensive review of literature be carried before identifying seeking first hand information from the field. The latter, i.e. information collected from the field is also necessary since it helps give professional credibility to the project. Combining results from both sources would serve to foster their symbiotic relationship wi th one offering background information and the other presenting up-to-date information on the topic.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Atasoy, Y. (2009). Hegemonic transitions, the state and crisis in neoliberal capitalism. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. May, E.R., Rosecrance, R. Steiner, Z. (2010). History and Neorealism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scobell, A. (2007). Chinas use of military force: beyond the Great Wall and the Long  March. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vogelmann, J. (2008). The ascent of China as a new superpower and the relationship  with the hegemonic United States: Rough power politics or peaceful economic cooperation? Munich: GRIN Verlag.

All About Ronald Reagan, The 40th U.S. President

All About Ronald Reagan, The 40th U.S. President Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois. He worked at various jobs growing up. He had a very happy childhood. He was taught to read by his mother when he was five. He attended local public schools. He then enrolled at Eureka College in Illinois where he played football and made average grades. He graduated in 1932. Family Ties: Father: John Edward Jack Reagan - Shoe salesman.Mother: Nelle Wilson Reagan.Siblings: One older brother.Wife: 1) Jane Wyman - Actress. They were married from January 26, 1940 until they divorced on June 28, 1948. 2) Nancy Davis - Actress. They were married on March 4, 1952.Children: One daughter by first wife - Maureen. One adopted son with first wife - Michael. One daughter and one son by second wife - Patti and Ronald Prescott. Ronald Reagans Career Before the Presidency: Reagan began his career as a radio announcer in 1932. He became the voice of Major League Baseball. In 1937, he became an actor with a seven year contract with Warner Brothers. He moved to Hollywood and made about fifty movies. Reagan was elected Screen Actors Guild President in 1947 and served until 1952 and again from 1959-60. In 1947, he testified before the House concerning Communist influences in Hollywood. From 1967-75, Reagan was the Governor of California. World War II: Reagan was part of the Army Reserve and was called  to active duty after Pearl Harbor. He was in the Army from 1942-45 rising to the level of Captain. However, he never took part in combat and stated stateside. He narrated training films and was in the Army Air Force First Motion Picture Unit. Becoming the President: Reagan was the obvious choice for the Republican nomination in 1980. George Bush was chosen to run as his vice president. He was opposed by President Jimmy Carter. The campaign centered on inflation, the gasoline shortage, and the Iran hostage situation. Reagan won with 51% of the popular vote and 489 out of 538 electoral votes. Life After the Presidency: Reagan retired after his second term in office to California. In 1994, Reagan announced that he had Alzheimers Disease and left public life. He died of pneumonia on June 5, 2004. Historical Significance: Reagans largest significance was his role in helping bring down the Soviet Union. His massive buildup of weapons which the USSR could not match and his friendship with Premier Gorbachev helped usher in a new era of openness which eventually caused the breakup of the USSR into individual states. His presidency was marred by the events of the Iran-Contra Scandal. Events and Accomplishments of Ronald Reagan’s Presidency: Soon after Reagan took office, an assassination attempt was made on his life. On March 30, 1981, John Hinckley, Jr. shot six rounds at Reagan. He was hit by one of the bullets which caused a collapsed lung. His Press Secretary James Brady, policeman Thomas Delahanty, and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were also all hit. Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was committed to a mental institution. Reagan adopted an economic policy whereby tax cuts were created to help increase savings, spending, and investment. Inflation went down and after a time so did unemployment. However, a huge budget deficit was created. A lot of terrorist acts occurred during Reagans time in office. For example, in April 1983 an explosion occurred at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. Reagan claimed that five countries typically harbored aided terrorists: Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, and Nicaragua. Further, Muammar Qaddafi was singled out as the primary terrorist. One of the major issues of Reagans second administration was the Iran-Contra Scandal. This involved several individuals throughout the administration. In exchange for selling arms to Iran, money would be given to the revolutionary Contras in Nicaragua. The hope was also that by selling arms to Iran, terrorist organizations would be willing to give up hostages. However, Reagan had spoken out that America would never negotiate with terrorists. The revelations of the Iran-Contra scandal caused one of the major scandals of the 1980s.In 1983, the U.S. invaded Grenada to rescue threatened Americans. They were rescued and the leftists were overthrown.One of the most important events that occurred during Reagans administration was the growing relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Reagan created a bond with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who instituted a new spirit of openness or glasnost. This would eventually lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union during President George H. W. Bushs term in office.

The commercial invoice; the pro forma invoice Assignment

The commercial invoice; the pro forma invoice - Assignment Example Question 2 The amount of risk that a business will bear will depend on whether the business is the importer or the exporter, as well as the particular incoterms that are involved on a particular transaction. For instance, if the business is an importer, the business will incur the least risk if the incoterm being used is CIF, because this will have the least risk (William, 2009). This is because the seller (exporter) will have to take care of the goods on their way not only to the destination port but all the way to the inland destination of the buyer. This includes buying the insurance for the goods as they are on transit. As a result, this means two important things to the buyer, who is the importer. First, is that there is no risk of the goods on transit that the importer will have to bear incase the risk materializes. Second is that even if the risk was to materialize, the importer would be protected because the insurance will pay off the losses. The importance of Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination) is that incase the goods are lost or damaged and the seller was not in a position to compensate the buyer, the buyer doesn’t have to incur the loss because the insurance will pay for the goods. ... The fact that the process by which the US government uses to create money and value for the same money is faulty and needs to be changed is not debatable. However, as Maxwell (2009) says, it can only be hoped that the new technology that is eliminating the issuance of printed money will solve part of this problem. However, this is a problem that will need to be solved and a better mechanism be put in place to avoid the problem that fiat currency is causing. This as McGregory (2009) says, is going to be one of the main things that will have to be solved in the twenty-first millennium for the world economy to succeed. Question 4 Part i FOB – Free on Board to a named port of shipment This incoterm makes sure that the risk of the goods is shared between the two sides of the deal. The buyer assumes the risk after the goods have been loaded for shipping, while the seller assumes the risk of the goods only until the goods have been loaded for shipping. Part ii CIF – Cost, Insu rance and Freight to a named port of destination This incoterm puts all obligation, both transport and insurance of the goods in transit to the seller and makes sure that the buyer is fully protected from any risk or obligation. Part iii CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight to a named port of destination Same as above, the exporter assumes all risks and costs for shipping the goods. Part IV EXW – Ex Works to a named place of delivery. This incoterm minimizes the obligation of the exporter so that the exporter only has insurance and freight costs only up to the point where the goods are loaded at the port of export. The buyer has to know how to get the goods from the seller’s premises and decide on whether they want to

Corporate Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Taxation - Essay Example First, we must discuss the subject of corporate taxation so that we can understand what it is and what it is all about, and this includes surveying the principle features and recent history of corporate taxation, followed by the consideration of the incentives that tax systems provide for the behavior of corporations, and then as well we must discuss the scenarios that have taken place over the last 20 years in regards to tax changes, and finally, we must examine how these changes have affected corporate taxation, and all of the key and related issues as well. By doing this, we will be able to come to a much more aware and intelligent understanding on the subject matter at hand overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Corporate taxation is considered as being an incredibly important source of government revenue across the world, and as well it is a significant and major consideration in regards to the planning of business activities. Corporate tax is a term which refers to "a tax levied by various jurisdictions on the profits made by companies or associations. As a general principle, the tax varies substantially between jurisdictions. In particular allowances for capital expenditure and the amount of interest payments that can be deducted from gross profits when working out the tax liability vary substantially. Also, tax rates may vary depending on whether profits have been distributed to shareholders or not. Profits which have been reinvested may not be taxed" (Wikipedia, 2007). Bigger businesses are the businesses which end up spending the most attention and devotion to corporate tax however this is for good reason, as corporate income tends to be most highly concentrated in a relatively small number of large companies. The impact of corporate tax on economic behavior is very great and significant, and "The taxation of corporate income encourages entrepreneurs and managers to structure and conduct their business operations in ways designed to avoid taxes. Corporations generally reduce their tax obligations, and those of their shareholders, by using debt rather than equity finance, investing in assets that can be rapidly depreciated for tax purposes and those for which generous tax credits are available, and avoiding dividend payments or other tax-disadvantaged distributions to investors" (Hines, 2001). However, although corporate taxation is one of the most known forms of taxation, it is actually the least properly understood, and not only that, but most economists for quite some time now have considered it as being the least efficient and least defensible of all forms of taxation. Statistics show that corporate taxation has increased dramatically over the years, especially over the past few decades in particular, as "In the forties and early fifties the corporate income tax provided about a third of federal revenues, and as recently as 1966, the proportion was 23 percent. It declined steadily for the next twenty years, reaching a nadir of 6.2 percent in 1983. This was partly by design. The top corporate tax rates fell from 52.8 percent in 1969 to 46 percent in 1979" (Norton, 2002). There are more problems than just this however that are considered as being involved in regards to corporate taxation, and in particular, the central problem with the corporate tax, from an economic point of view, is that "ultimately, only people can pay taxes. Economists have had great difficulty in assessing the

Barker v. Wingo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barker v. Wingo - Essay Example Of the six Manning trials, four emerged erroneous prompting new trials. On February 1963, Barker’s trial was scheduled after finding Manning guilty of the murders. Two more trials were done for Barker, who tried to have his case dismissed for having been denied speedy trial right. This was rejected and he was convicted and issued with a life sentence. Barker’s appeal for the decision finally ended up at the Supreme Court. Any inflexible rule cannot determine the constitutional right of the defendant to a speedy trial, but an ad hoc balancing basic can be used instead where the conduct of the prosecution is weighed against the defendant’s. The court decided that the defendant was never denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial. In the case, after establishing that no serious prosecution prejudice existed and that the defendant never wanted speedy trial, the court concluded that Barker’s constitutional right to a speedy trial was not violated. Barker delayed to object the delays until after their occurrence. When a defendant has the intention of having a speedy trial, he has an obligation to actively invoke it. The Court decision was thus on

Personal view of Health Promotion and the values that underpin it Essay

Personal view of Health Promotion and the values that underpin it - Essay Example lthier lifestyles.† As an academic writing, the structure of the essay shall be built on the Gibbs’ model of reflection whiles trying to make bare, how my ideas, thoughts and views have changed since studying health promotion; how the changes I have identified changed how I think about ethical dilemmas and health promotion and how the changes I have identified changed how my thinking about ethical issues related to health promotion in general up to this point in time. Diagrammatically, the structure of the essay shall look like this: Health promotion is undoubtedly one of the best ways and most dependable hopes for the attaining a universal healthy lifestyle for all (Koduah, 2009). Indeed Koduah is not far from right people health promotion concerns itself with preventive healthcare rather than curative health care (Forest, 2001) and as the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Due to certain personal encounters I have had as far ill-health is concerned, I took keen interest in the course, Health Promotion. Sadly though, upon relating some of the models, methodologies, concepts and preventive health theories learnt in class to what pertains in some local communities I was privileged to have gone to offer volunteer health delivery to, I find that our local authorities really have long ways to go as far as health promotion and for that matter, preventive health is concerned. The local community does not embark on any health promotion policies and there is no education among the local people on how to preven t diseases (Cartesian Health Report, 2005). The very first feeling I have towards the described scenario is that there is being a great disparity in the health promotion policy among healthcare providers. If every head counts as is proverbially said, then none should enjoy good health service at the expense of the other (Terry, 2001). The Minnesota Department of Health has a Community Health Promotion that I feel should serve as a model and an ideal

Enough Money, a Room and an Androgynous Mind of Ones Own Essay

Enough Money, a Room and an Androgynous Mind of Ones Own - Essay Example This was why there has been no substantial tradition of women writers. Woolf pays tribute to the women writers of the past, who had to surmount infinite obstacles and insults, and who, in doing so, made the way so much smoother for the women writers who came after them. Woolf acknowledges that things are changing, and that even more significant changes are in the offing. However, influential men like Mr Oscar Browning still make pronouncements such as "the best woman [is] intellectually the inferior of the worst man." She shrewdly analyzes such remarks to be the consequence of man's insecurity when challenged by modern woman's demands for 'equality.' Woolf herself subscribes to a more balanced point of view, expressed in the last section of the book: All this pitting of sex against sex . . . all this claiming of superiority and imputing of inferiority, belong to the private-school stage of human existence where there are 'sides', and it is necessary for one side to beat another side . . .. As people mature they cease to believe in sides . . . Men and women as individuals can attain heights of creative achievement only when the masculine and the feminine parts of their personality are in harmony, as was the case with Shakespeare.

Personal view of Health Promotion and the values that underpin it Essay

Personal view of Health Promotion and the values that underpin it - Essay Example lthier lifestyles.† As an academic writing, the structure of the essay shall be built on the Gibbs’ model of reflection whiles trying to make bare, how my ideas, thoughts and views have changed since studying health promotion; how the changes I have identified changed how I think about ethical dilemmas and health promotion and how the changes I have identified changed how my thinking about ethical issues related to health promotion in general up to this point in time. Diagrammatically, the structure of the essay shall look like this: Health promotion is undoubtedly one of the best ways and most dependable hopes for the attaining a universal healthy lifestyle for all (Koduah, 2009). Indeed Koduah is not far from right people health promotion concerns itself with preventive healthcare rather than curative health care (Forest, 2001) and as the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Due to certain personal encounters I have had as far ill-health is concerned, I took keen interest in the course, Health Promotion. Sadly though, upon relating some of the models, methodologies, concepts and preventive health theories learnt in class to what pertains in some local communities I was privileged to have gone to offer volunteer health delivery to, I find that our local authorities really have long ways to go as far as health promotion and for that matter, preventive health is concerned. The local community does not embark on any health promotion policies and there is no education among the local people on how to preven t diseases (Cartesian Health Report, 2005). The very first feeling I have towards the described scenario is that there is being a great disparity in the health promotion policy among healthcare providers. If every head counts as is proverbially said, then none should enjoy good health service at the expense of the other (Terry, 2001). The Minnesota Department of Health has a Community Health Promotion that I feel should serve as a model and an ideal

Organisational Behaviour Individual Case Study Assignment

Organisational Behaviour Individual Case Study - Assignment Example It helps in perceiving ideas about organization, groups and individual employees involved in the organisational structure. Thus, the concept is often considered as a parameter pertaining to the explanation, understanding, forecasting and calculation of human behaviour in an organization (Pomsuwan, 2007). In order to access the individual or group performance in an organization, certain areas are primarily focused which include personality, perception, attitudes, job satisfaction, group dynamics, politics, leadership, job design, culture, communication chain, stress of work, and decision-making power that tend to influence the employees’ behaviour at large (Rollinson, 2008). This paper intends to present an understanding of the concept of organisational behaviour and its influences on the employees in case of mergers and acquisitions. Based on a case study scenario of David Orton and Cost Wise, the discussion in this paper also aims at identifying the various issues faced by th e organizations and its employees due to structural changes as a result of acquisition. 2.0. Methodology Organisational behaviour is also known as organizational science which encompasses a prearranged study and cautious relevance of knowledge about how people operate in an organization. ... s which are considered in this regards are employee morale, job satisfaction, absenteeism rate, salary issues and various other inter as well as intra organisational conflicts. The approach considered for this project tends to be purely qualitative based on an objective-oriented research design. The data collected for this study majorly includes journals, books, articles related to the research issue and similar other relevant secondary sources. In order to gather primary data, interviews were conducted with the former employees of Cost Wise and the management personnel of David Orton. Observation technique was also used to identify the various dimensions of the work culture within the organisation from September 2011 to November 2011. In addition, staff visits have also been considered in this study to support the views of the other staffs associated with a similar industry. As often noted by researchers, mergers and acquisitions not only affects the organisational structure and the financial operations, but also influences the employees’ needs at the basic level (Salame, 2006). To conclude on this prediction, the analysis of the data collected will be based on the Maslow’s Need Hierarchy so as to determine the gap between the employees’ interest in these two companies before and after the merger. 3.0. Findings 3.1. Motivational States of Cost Wise Employees Motivation is typically referred as the forces that account for the arousal, selection, direction and continuation of behaviour. These forces act as foundations for enhancing both individual and organizational needs and can be better described by Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs model. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. The first four levels are

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay Knowledge comes by eyes always open and working hands, and there is no knowledge that is not power†. This statement characterizes my beliefs. Ever since I attended the first industrial visit during my sophomore year of engineering I have nurtured a dream of becoming a part of the top level management team of a firm. Now, after two years of relevant experience in the field of procurement in Supply chain Management, the power of knowledge seems to call me out persuading me to seek more. The dream I nurtured during my graduation has grown with me and I hope the day of realization is not far off. To make this a reality I intend to pursue an M.B.A in strategy and procurement management at your esteemed university. Soon after my graduation I set out to realize my dream by joining Olympic Cards Private Limited as a procurement engineer. After a year of experience I joined a top electronic manufacturing company (Foxconn International Holdings) in order to attain global experience. The company trained me in global procurement and appointed me as a team leader for the procurement team at Foxconn India Private Limited which I consider as one of the biggest achievement so far in my life. Early in my life, at the high school level, I learnt the value of hard work and perseverance. This led me to secure 90% in my higher secondary examination. Later this served as a foundation for my studies in electronics and communication at B.S.A Crescent Engineering College which ranks as one of the top accredited engineering college affiliated to Anna University in the state of Tamilnadu (South India). Besides this academic achievement I am an active musician and my passion for music has helped me to further understand the importance of hard work and perseverance required to excel. I was elected as the secretary of the college music association in the year 2004 and I performed at a number of prestigious venues around the city. As a part of my work experience I have gained knowledge in the following fields, †¢ Strategic development of suppliers †¢ Analyzing and negotiation of the quotation †¢ Management of contracts and agreements with suppliers †¢ Supplier performance evaluation †¢ Different kinds of P.O disposition †¢ Debit note and Credit note †¢ Inventory Control †¢ Documentation for the procurement department for TL9000 †¢ Part of internal quality and on-site supplier auditing team †¢ Key user for SAP R/3 Material Management Module This had provided me with a firm grasp of concepts and a launching pad to embark upon a voyage of knowledge in procurement. My study of these fields has also served to further fuel my ambition and deepen my interest in the field of strategy and procurement management. I got some very interesting information about my field of study by browsing your website and this has driven me to apply for the M.B.A (Strategy and procurement management) course offered at your prestigious university. The eight modules of the M.B.A program which include the Strategic Management, Organization Resource Management, Strategic Marketing, Financial Management, Operations Management, International Risk Management, Power Regimes Supply Chain Management, Business Strategy and Procurement competence will help me improve my cognizance in the field of procurement and I believe that studying at your university will give me the means to achieve my goals and realize my dreams. I therefore make an earnest request to consider my application for admission.

Challenges Faced by Managers in the Public Sector

Challenges Faced by Managers in the Public Sector There are different levels of management in the three different sectors of the economy. There are non-managerial employees, first-line managers, middle managers and the top managers. Robbins et al ;( 2009). This essay will critically evaluate the challenges faced by managers in the public sector organisations. The essay will assess the roles of the manager in this sector and the difficulties managers encounter whilst carrying out their duties. The challenges posed by organisational structure and design with an example from the Northampton Borough Council, the issues due to the organisational culture, privatisation of some of the public sector services, the strategic management of the public sector and the complexities due to the constant changing environment in which these organisations operate, and the challenges to managers of the most recent comprehensive budget cuts, will be evaluated in this essay. The typical roles of a manager in any organisation is to organise, lead, plan and control the activities of the people and other resources within it towards achieving the objectives of that organisation; Naylor (2004). The role a manager plays is dependent on the level of management position although each level has its challenges. At the senior level, the managers role is much broader and in depth and it requires creativity and innovativeness; Robbins et al (2009). The senior manager is involved in decision making, strategic management planning and control, the manager, at this level of management is expected to have an understanding of all areas of the organisation to enable sensible handling of any given situation Hanagan;(2008). The role of the manager did not change in the 21st century rather the method of carrying out the above mentioned roles are different, for instance the manager has to organise work differently, communication is more sophisticated such as, the use of internet, mobile telephones and e-mail. In recent times, the management of change is considered as the most important skill of management due to the pace of change in the 21st century Hanagan, (2008).The rapid changes in technology, enormous improvements in communication, the increase in focus on global economy, and the environment are issues to the modern day manager. In addition to the above, the role of the manager in the public sector is challenged by the constant changes in legislation and political policies subject to government in power Hanagan (2008). An organisation is an arrangement which has been set up for a particular purpose. Robbins et al (2009). Different organisations belong to different sectors of the economy. There are three sectors; the public, the private and the third sector such as social enterprises. This three sectors have some common characteristics which are: they all have distinct purpose, each organisation is made up of people, and all create a structure within which the people could carry out their duties Robbins et al(2009). Organisations are grouped as public sector depending on certain factors such as; how much the organisation competes with similar organisations, goods and services are charged indirectly and how much it allows itself to be influenced by demand and supply of goods and services. The less such organisations are influenced by the above factors the more the organisations are considered as public sector organisations Hanagan (2008). Instances of these organisations are; Local Government council, Libraries, the National Police Force, the Defence Ministry, Colleges and Universities. The common features of these organisations are; they are set up to fulfil specific purposes, they are service motivated, they are accountable to many stakeholders and the public, they carry out their duties for the good of the people and they are funded through the use of taxpayers money. Avery important challenge to a manager whether in the public sector or in the private sector is to be aware of their relevant s takeholders and operate the organisation in ways which will yield maximum returns to each stakeholder group Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector organisation has a centralised organisational structure whereby authority and decision making is made at the senior managerial level. Organisational structure is a connected arrangement of positions and work units through which the important tasks of an organisation are subdivided and categorised to form decision centres from where the strategic plans of the organisation are carried out Bloisi et al (2007). Most of these organisations have a Matrix design structure which enables double responsibility and reporting roles with particular projects. Bloisi et al (2007). The managers in the matrix organisation are challenged by the constant need to resolve conflicts due to differences in perspectives and priority Bloisi et al (2007). For instance, the organisational structure of the Northampton Borough Council has over five managerial levels of management. According to Nicole Macdonald, a HR Manager Strategy with the council, one of the challenges they have is getting approval to carry out plans as quickly as possible. The council has about forty-seven councillors through whom decisions are made. These councillors represent different political fronts. Sometimes it is difficult to reach a consensus on certain issues and therefore arriving at a decision is elongated said, Cassie Triggs, a Democratic Chief Executive Services Manager at the Northampton Borough Council. The manager in the private sector will in relation to their organisational structure which is much flatter be able to arrive at a decision much quicker. Private sector organisational structures are designed to embrace the pace of changes in technology and also to survive. Flatter structure allows for incorporation of ideas from almost every employee in the organisation Bloisi et al (2007). The manager in the private sector will be challenged by how to control an employee wh o is working from home and coming to the place of work only one day in a working week Naylor (2004). Included in the challenges encountered by managers in the public sector are challenges due to the cultural beliefs of the organisation. Organisational culture is the way we do things around here Robbins et al (2009). According to Meek (1988), organisational culture could be used as a means to find out how people behave in a complex setting Hanagan, (2008). Organisational culture can be something abstract or peoples perception and experience within an organised setting. According to Stacey, the culture of any group of people is that set of beliefs, customs, practices and ways of thinking that they have come to share with each other through being and working together. Hanagan (2008). According to Handy, there are four major types of organisational cultures; the power culture in which the power and authority is from one person in a central position, the role culture which is labelled as a bureaucracy where the role of the individual specialists are more important than position and power , the task culture is about the activity which is being carried out and lastly the person culture which focuses more on what individuals do in a particular setting Mullins (2005). The challenge of managing cultural change in a public sector organisation will depend on how strong the existing culture is and the weight of the proposed change Hanagan (2008).The difficulty is in bringing about the change. For instance the Further and Higher Education Act which made colleges and higher education in England to become Corporate Bodies Limited by Guarantee indicates that organisational culture can be overtaken by accountability to more prominent stakeholders as the organisation would want to survive Hanagan (2008). The challenge is even more where there is existence of subcultures within the organisation. For decades, Public organisations have been managed by people who have been raised into managerial positions through years of service to the organisation, for instance; football clubs were managed by ex-footballers, and schools were managed by former teachers, local government council by people who were promoted through long years of service Hanagan (2008). There are difficulties faced by managers moving from the private sector to the public sector. The manager from the private sector is more focused on profits and accounting to shareholders, decision making is simplified, there is much flexibility and autonomy, there is power and authority attached therefore, the challenge to the private sector manager moving into the public sector will be changing the profit making, quick decision making mindset, there is less power and authority, no flexibility and autonomy Hanagan (2008). These challenges are not without approaches with which the managers could use to minimise them. For instance, the managers could use the recruitment process to recruit people who will fit into the existing culture, by the method of questioning they are made aware of what is important in the organisation, the induction process, promotion policy, training and development Hanagan (2008). Following the challenges posed by organisational structure, design and culture, are the challenges which managers face with the move of the UK government in the 1980s to privatise some of the services of the public sector when they realised that the costs of providing services were becoming too much, costs were weighing much on National budgets and the motive to make public sector organisations to work more effectively and efficiently Hanagan (2008). The move gave rise to such contractual arrangements as the Public Private Partnership (PPP) and the London underground contractual arrangement which came from a simpler Private Finance Initiative (PFI) which was set up to establish contracts between the local authority controlled London Underground and Tubelines and Metronet Hanagan (2008). Privatisation as defined by Bryan Hurl (1992), is the sale of government owned equity in nationalised industries or other commercial enterprises, to private investors with or without the loss of government control of the organisation. There are three methods which have been used by the government, these are; denationalisation which is the sale of public sector assets, deregulation which is removal of barriers to entry to a previously protected market to allow private enterprises to compete and franchising whereby the public sector provides the finance and the private sector provide the services Hurl (1992). One of the key principles of managing resources to deliver better services is by setting up strong partnerships which means that various departments of the public sector are relying on other public, private and third sector to deliver public services, these organisations, most of the time may have better expertise and better understanding of the needs of the citizens Bourn (2003, p26). The increasing difficulty with which public services are delivered is a challenge. According to the National Audit Office, delivery of public services are no longer the duty of a single department for instance, different organisations are involved in provision of criminal justice such as the police, the crown prosecution service, the forensic Science service and the courts. Changes in economic conditions and unforeseen circumstances could place much demand for public services, for instance, the sudden rise in unemployment during the most recent inflationary period. The volume and value of benefits payment made by the job centre plus or the unexpected foot and mouth disease and its effect to the public requires a good resource management Bourn (2003 p18). Some of the services provided by the public sector organisations are; Defence by the Army, Public Health by the NHS, Direct service delivery agencies which handle payments of benefits, issuing of prescriptions and National insurance numbers, processing of student loans, access to heritage, museums and galleries, developing frameworks for other service providers such as regulation of educational standards, teacher training and social housing, promotion of business opportunities abroad, transport integration, purchasing information technology systems and professional services and others. The challenge to the manager is the ability to coordinate and monitor the different service chains involved in the delivery of public services and also the difficulty in ensuring that resources are channelled appropriately to the provision of the most required service Bourn (2003 p.20) . Strategic thinking, planning and continuous are important in every organisation Bloisi et al (2007). Strategic thinking means being able as a manager to device ways to balance both the human, technical and the limited resources of the organisation and the environmental forces Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector manager has no power and authority, no autonomy and flexibility and therefore may not have as much influence in the decision making as their counterpart in the private sector Hanagan (2008). Strategic management is used in the public sector to find out schedules of activities in the sector which fit into the political agendas taking into consideration the politicians who might be looking for quick returns which they can point to as their successes and achievements Hanagan (2008). This means that the strategic planning has to be short term. There is lack of clarity in relation to what the manager is trying to achieve. There is the constant challenge to the manager in the public sector as to whether you are trying to fulfil your statutory obligation, please the politicians, follow the directions of the board or the people for whom the services were meant for. The manager in the public sector is challenged as he cannot change or alter the system. There are too many stakeholders, interest groups to satisfy in the public sector therefore the manager in this sector has to device different kinds of ways to deliver information to the different groups in the public who believes they have a stake in the public sector, such methods are through, governing bodies, advisory committees, taskforces, public meetings and public announcements Hanagan (2008). The manager in the private sector uses strategic management to review actions, slow down processes and hence make changes where necessary, the manager in the private sector has a profit making mindset and therefore considers product viability, the private secto r manager has power and authority, flexibility and autonomy and therefore decision making is quicker. The private sector manager is accountable to shareholders Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector is funded by the government and the managers are accountable to whichever ruling political party at any given time. According to the National Audit Office, before the 1998 public service agreements, different departments were funded annually with some exception such as the Department of Health, so there was uncertainty as to whether funding will be the same as the previous year or reduced or increased. This was a challenge to managers as there was no certainty with the flow of funds to make long term plans as the private sector with assurance of long term financing. The agreement was set out with the awareness of the aims, ideals and targets of the various departments Bourn (2003 p.20). Assessed so far are internal factors which challenge managers in the public sector however there are certain external factors which managers have to contend with as well. Some of these are; the speed of technology which has affected every process in organisations irrespective of sector, the force of competing interests who are not ordinary rivals to gain customers but those seeking for resources and those trying to make their points to be heard and the fluctuations in social behaviour which starts with movements in peoples expectations and values Bloisi et al (2007). Finally, managers are currently facing challenges due to the recent comprehensive budget cut. There is greater demand for services however there are fewer resources to meet demand. It is morally challenging to managers to prioritize who to help and who not to In conclusion, Suggested approaches from management science which could alleviate some of the challenges are; the systems approach and contingency approach. With systems approach, managers could discuss their departmental needs in terms of the general organisational requirement. The use of this approach requires open communication and the removal of barriers between the individual departments, also the approach shows management consideration of all the systems involved, synergy that is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, open and closed systems, limits, movements of information, materials and feedback through which the manager could monitor and evaluate progress reports Hanagan (2008). The second recommended approach is the contingency approach. This approach says that different problems requires different ways of solving them it all depends on how much experience the manager has because what might work well in one situation may not work well in another situation Hanagan (2008). Applica tion of this approach requires that the manager recognises several view points, one of which is the pragmatic view point. Pragmatic viewpoint says that no approach is generally acceptable which means that the manager has to check the motives for every action taken for instance, the services being delivered, the availability of equipment required and also the internal and external environment Hanagan (2008).

Indian Community Concerns About Teenage Drinking :: essays papers

Indian Community Concerns About Teenage Drinking Homelessness, condition of people who lack regular legal access to housing. Homelessness has been recognized as a significant social problem in the United States since the early 1980s, when an increase in the number of homeless people was caused by a weak economy and cuts in federal aid for housing and income assistance. Other periods of increased homelessness also have occurred many times in history, including during the colonial era. Most other industrialized societies also have experienced increases in homeless populations in recent decades. The number of homeless people in the United States has been an arguable issue for a while. Advocates for the homeless claim that there are several million homeless people; however, recent studies suggest that the homeless number from 600,000 to 700,000. Exact numbers are impossible to collect because researchers define homelessness in different ways and because the homeless are transitory. The number of people predicted to become homeless in any given year is estimated to be three to five times the number of people who are homeless at any given moment. The US Census Bureau attempted to count homeless people in the 1990 census. However, most people consider this attempt as a failure. The homeless population is largely made up of adult men, but the number of women, children, and youth has steadily increased. This group now comprises more than 40 percent of the total homeless population. Most homeless people are also extremely poor and separated from their families and other social networks. About one-third of the adult homeless are chronically mentally ill, and about half are alcoholic or abuse drugs. During the 1950s, most homeless people were older, white, alcoholic men associated with the rundown sections of cities known as skid rows. Today's homeless, however, are mostly non-white; relatively young, with an average age in the middle 30s; and include a large number of women and children. About one-third of homeless men are veterans. In addition to the homeless population, even larger numbers are considered â€Å"marginally housed†; they are in danger of becoming homeless because of poverty or unavailable housing. About half the nation's poor households spend 70 percent or more of their monthly income on housing, which puts them at risk of becoming homeless if faced with an economic problem. Because the number of people living in poverty numbers some 37 million, the marginally housed would amount to nearly 20 million people, creating the potential for a vast increase in the size of the homeless population. Those who are housed only because they have been able to stay with

Water Aerobics Essay -- Aquatic Fitness Routine

Water Aerobics Water aerobics has been a strong growing type of exercise for many age groups for years. Water aerobics is a combination of arm and leg movements done in water for beginners. This type of aerobic exercise is typically done for less than an hour. This includes the same type of program as land aerobics with warm up and cool down periods. Swimming exercise uses more of the overall muscle mass of the body than almost any other form of exercise. (Water aerobics, â€Å"What is water aerobics† section, para. 1) Doing water aerobics is good for the joints and helps create a wider range of motion in the joints during exercise. It also nearly eliminates injuries in the water because the body is so buoyant. Water aerobics also improves flexibility because it is not causing pressure on the joints. This is because the body is supported by the water. Most water aerobics are done in waist, chest or neck high deep water. The water is supporting from 85 percent to 90 percent of the body in chest deep water. (Water aerobics, â€Å"Who can participate?† section, para. 1) In an advanced water aerobics class you are doing more calisthenics exercises. An individual doing water aerobics can burn anywhere from 450 to 700 calories for an hour of exercise. (Water aerobics, â€Å"How many calories does it burn?† section, para. 1) There is less stress on the joints and a more efficient cardiovascular workout. This is because water aerobics does not put as much of a beating on your bones and jo...

Consumer Perception Towards Online Shopping in India Essay

1.1 INTRODUCTION The numbers of internet users are increasing because of the accessibilities of technology, the availability of information, and the ability to interact through the Internet increase and evolve. The obvious capabilities of the Internet include road for gathering information, purchasing a product, or rendering a service. These advances in Internet technology allow for the expansion of shopping options beyond traditional methods that may be more time consuming. Issues with having to physically gather information with offline shopping methods are alleviated, and customers are better able to efficiently use their time. For instance, instead of having to physically visit different stores to compare prices or rely on circular pamphlets in newspapers, a consumer is able to search and retrieve needed information through the Internet. The Internet explosion has opened the doors to a new electronic world. Consumers are now able to use the Internet for a variety of purposes such as research, communication, online banking, and even shopping. With such advantages, the Internet is rapidly becoming the main method of communication and of conducting business conveniently. With a growing number of households turning towards the Internet and the world of e-commerce to shop, invest, make payments, and do online banking, new technological advancement will have to come about to make these transactions secure. Electronic retailing or online shopping, is shopping on the internet without the consumer having to visit a physical store. With the increased use of the internet, the scope for the online shopping is growing. A In 2012, 9.6 million Australians aged over 15 years will make online shopping purchases, according to the latest research by PwC and Frost & Sullivan (2012). Over the next 12 months, 88% of online shoppers in Australia are expecting to maintain or increase their online expenditure, indicating that there is solid momentum in online shopping uptake. This continual rapid growth in Australia and offshore is driving structural changes in the traditional retail model. US online population will increase nearly 50%, from 1471.5 million in 2001 to 210.8 million by 2006 (Cumulative Annual Growth Rate of 8.2%) and online retail sales will grow from US$47.8 billion in 2002 to  $130.3 billion in 2006. Similarly WIPO (2007) cited that about 10% of the world’s population in 2002 wa s online, representing more than 605 million users. In India also the internet user base has grown to an impressive number from 87.1 million by December 2012 from 78.7 million users in October 2012, who accessed Internet through dongles and tablet PCs according to Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB (Dec 2012). According to them India is expected to have close to 165 million mobile Internet users by March 2015, up from 87.1 million in December 2012 as more people are accessing the web through mobile devices and dongles. Nearly 60% of online users in India visited a retail site in November 2011, with the number of online shoppers increasing 18% in the past year said com Score in a research report. According to the report on visitation to the top retail and coupon sites in India, coupon sites are rapidly gaining in popularity, with 16.5% of the Indian online population visiting the category in November, led by Snapdeal.com and Mydala.com. In November, 27.2 million online users in India, aged 15 and older, accessed the retail category from a home or work computer, an increase of 18% from the previous year, as consumers continue to turn to the web to shop for and purchase items and retailers continue to increase their online visibility through active marketing campaigns. (www.moneylife.in, Feb 28th, 2013). There are many advantages of doing online shopping like there is no geographical boundary-a consumer in Delhi can shop for something which an e-store in Punjab is offering, there is no time restrictions- the shopping is 24Ãâ€"7, the payment is online-there is no need to even handle the cash. Despite the advantages of online shopping all the consumers are not participating in online transaction. Many business firms are more and more businesses continue to establish an online presence, they are finding that some consumers are still reluctant to shift in that same direction. For various consumers there are still concerns with security and passing  personal data over the Internet. There is a disparity between the number of consumers who visit a site and the number of actual purchases being made. Despite the millions of people who use the Internet everyday and visit various shopping sites, the number of consumers who do not abandon their shopping carts but actually complete a purchase averages to only about three percent. This leaves a large portion of the Internet population as non-participants in online transactions as compared to those who fully complete transactions online and make purchases. Instead, these non-participants may abandon the purchase completely or fulfill the transaction in an offline setting. As such, it is important for online businesses or offline businesses interested in venturing into the online market to understand their consumers’ perceptions, online and offline, and what factors influence their shopping decisions. With better understanding of what factors play into consumer decision making in making transactions online or offline, retailers and businesses can be better gear themselves to serving their customers in either of the shopping venue s. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To know the demographic profile of the customers and its impact if any on the online buying. To know the factors affecting the perception of Indian online buyers. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW This part includes the Review of previous studies, articles and conceptual framework for the related studies. More analysis is not sufficient to present real framework of the study. So review of related materials should be deal with to give the research a clear vision, past study and knowledge provides foundation to the present day. Review of literature includes the following topics: 2.1 Conceptual Framework 2.2 Reviews from Previous Studies 2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK As Internet usage is increasing, so is online shopping particularly in those countries whose Marketing infrastructures are well developed. Customers can shop at anytime and have access to products not available in their geographic region. Moreover, they are now able to access the Internet, not only from their personal computers, but also from advanced electronic devices such as Palm Pilots and mobile phones. The growth of Internet technology in India has enormous potential as it reduces the costs of product and service delivery and extends geographical boundaries in bringing buyers and sellers together. Also, due to an increase in high-speed Internet access connections, lower connection costs, and increasing consumer competence, e-commerce activity will continue to grow as the availability and ease with which the Internet provides consumers the ability to handle needed tasks increasingly develops. However, not all consumers are turning to the Internet for shopping. While the number of Internet users who have made a purchase at one time is more than half in the United States, this does not explain the disparity between the number of visits websites recorded and the number of actual purchases made online. This research mainly talks about the factors that affect the consumers’ online shopping behavior of consumer. It is not sure that all the people who visit websites do make online purchase. This will also focus on the point that what is the consumes perception towards online shopping and their intention to make purchase are not only affected by the ease of internet, usefulness and enjoyment but also affected by the also by exogenous factors like consumer traits, situational factors, product characteristics, previous online shopping experiences, and trust in online shopping. The other thing that the research will focus is that do the demographic factors make any influence on the online shopping. This research will focus  on the point that do these demographic factors like age, gender, income level etc really make any influence on the buying behavior of the consumers. Not only on the demographic factor that this research will focus on, will also try to find whether there is any relationship between the customers and the website quality. Do these online shopping websites quality make any influence on the buying intention of the buyers? 2.2 REVIEWS FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH UPADHYAY.P AND KAUR J (2006),†Analysis of Online Shopping Behaviour of Customer in Kota City†. This study has focused on factors which online Indian buyers keep in mind while shopping online. The objective of the study was to create an awareness of e-commerce and make people interested in internet commerce. According to the study, they found that the most preferred product of online buying is travelling tickets and clothing remains the least preferred choice of online shoppers and most of the consumers who have experienced online shopping are very satisfied ZIA UL HAQ (2009) in her research on â€Å"Perception towards online shopping: an empirical study of Indian consumers† said that the perception of online shoppers is independent of their age and gender but not independent of their qualification & gender and income & gender. According to the researcher consumers’ perceptions of the customer service, commitment and web security of online purchasing exhibit significant relationships with their online buying intention. Web security was the major concerning factor to influence the online shopping. They have a fear that their important documents passwords can be hacked due to online shopping, so the major concern of consumers is about the web security. She also says that Marketers need to realize that the online marketing environment affects the way consumers view and develop relationships. During her study she found that Indian consumers considered that their online purchasing will be influenced by good quality website. Thus it is believed that overall website quality does help in enhancing the consumers to buy online. Also commitment is the important factor that affects online buying and most of the consumers are concerned about on-time delivery of their products. The results of this study show  that there is a significant association between commitment and online shopping. CORPUS CHRISTI(2009) in his research on â€Å"The perception of consumer on online shopping† has provided some of glimpse about the consumers mind as what factors are perceived differently by consumers who prefer online shopping and those who prefer offline shopping. According to him there are five factors which that the two group consumers perceived differently. These factors are (1) perceived risk with online shopping, (2) past experience with online shopping, (3)perceived benefits of online shopping, (4) perceived ease of online shopping, and (5) perceived uncertainty of online shopping. Through these factors the business firms should be aware of their online consumers’ perception and of what preference for online and offline shopping avenues. Focusing on these factors the researcher thinks that the firms can don necessary work to attract and retain more and more customers. In his research after all the finding he says that Being aware of what perceptions drive consu mers to pick and prefer one avenue of shopping to another allows businesses to better cater to consumers, thus helping them attract and retain customers. RASTOGI.A.K (2010), â€Å"A study of Indian Online Consumers and their Buying Behaviour† made an attempt to study the buying behaviour of Indian online consumers in his research. According to his study about 44% students use Internet in India and overall 72% of young people access Internet on regular basis. The findings of the study shows that ratio of male consumers is very high in online shopping and most of the respondents pay in cash on delivery. This research shows that online shopping has very bright future in India. . Perception towards online shopping is getting better in India. With the use of internet, consumers can shop anywhere, anything and anytime with easy and safe payment options. Consumers can do comparison shopping between products, as well as, online stores. VAGGELIS SAPRIKIS, ADAMANTIA CHOULIARA AND MARO VLACHOPOULOU (2010) conducted the research on â€Å"Perceptions towards Online Shopping: Analyzing the Greek University Students’ Attitude† observed the significant differences between  the two groups of respondents that is online shopping adaptors and online shopping non adaptors. From their research they concluded that adopters had higher expectations from online shopping on issues relating to privacy policy and risk. Also they identified between adopters and non-adopters regarding their particular perceptions on advantages and problems of online shopping. MEHRDAD SALEHI(JAN 2012) in her study on â€Å"Consumer Buying Behavior towards Online Shopping Stores in Malaysia† has focused on nine independent variables namely appearance, quick loading, security, sitemap, validity, promotion, attractiveness, believability, and originality that influence the buying behavior on consumers while doing online shopping. During her research she found that first five factors influence consumers towards online shopping and security is the factor that contributes most towards online shopping. According to her the last four factors (promotion, attractiveness, believability, and originality) don’t significantly influence online shopping intention which indicate that advertisement doesn’t have an important effect on online shopping. Security and validity of website were the one that influences the online consumers. Also attractiveness had the minimum influence on online shopping intention. KANWAL GURLEEN( MAY 2012) in his study on â€Å"Consumer Buying Behavior towards Online Shopping, the case of punjab† stated that Price consciousness, Convenience and Variety, Easy Payment options and Challenges of Online Shopping are the four major factors that have significant influence on the perception of the online consumer toward online shopping. As that of the other researchers on this topic, he also found the same problem that the consumers are not able to trust the websites as they have to give their credit card details. Some of the websites the customers don’t feel trustworthy. Also the online purchases take a longer time in shipments and deliveries. The researcher found that the psychology of an Indian consumer is still the same of checking the product physically before purchasing it, which creates a mental hurdle for online shopping. DAHIYA RICHA (2012), from her research on â€Å"Impact of demographic factors of consumers on online shopping behavior: A study of consumers in India† found that gender impacts frequency of on-line shopping positively and Family Size impacts overall spend on on-line shopping. Her study somewhat suggested that Indian Consumers have perceived online shopping in a positive manner which suggest that online shopping in the country is growing. Despite this the frequency of online shopping is very less. She has also suggested the organizations that to formulate their plans and strategies in the country regarding the online shopping they must use relevant variables and factors which the research has identified. The organizations can prioritize the consumer implicit and explicit requirements in online shopping environment. The results can also be used by various organizations to identify their target customer segments. MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN MOSHREF JAVADI1,HOSSEIN REZAEI DOLATABADI1, MOJTABA NOURBAKHSH1, AMIR POURSAEEDI1& AHMAD REZA ASADOLLAHI (SEPTEMBER 10, 2012) conducted the research on,† An Analysis of Factors Affecting on Online Shopping Behavior of Consumers† where the examined the factors affecting on online shopping behavior of consumers. They created many hypothesis and these hypothesis testing indicated that financial risk and non-delivery risk has negative effect on the attitude towards online shopping behavior. Which suggest that e-retailers should make their websites safer and assure customers for the delivery of their products. According to them if there has been positive effect attitude toward online shopping on online shopping behavior of consumers it would indicate that considering attitude variables make a substantial contribution in online shopping. Also, subjective norms have positive effect on shopping behavior. This means the more people suggest e-buying to each other, the more this buying method will be popular among people. This makes necessary the use of word of mouth marketing for retailers. Domain specific innovativeness has positive effect on online shopping behavior. This means that marketing specialists should target this society in their marketing strategy formulation for better effectiveness of their marketing program. This means that marketing specialists should target this society in their marketing strategy formulation for better  effectiveness of their marketing program. CHAO CHAO CHUANG & DR. FU-LING HU (NOVEMBER, 2012) in their research on,† An empirical analysis of the relationship between website characteristics and consumer online buying behavior† concluded that the website security, website design, website reliability and website customer service are the four main factors which affect consumer perceptions of their online purchasing experiences. Online buyers have different viewpoints of these four factors. Website design has the highest rating score, followed by website customer service. Website reliability is ranked third, and the lowest is website security. Also they suggested that with online shopping, consumers can browse the entire product-assortment with competitive prices. In order to consolidate this advantage, E-retailers should choose more famous products or brands to market online. Branded products and services are usually thought by customers as having better qualities. They said that the online shopping company should induce the regular online buyers as they shop most frequently and they should make the desired products available and the purchase transaction easy and also obtain the competitive prices in order to retain their regular customers and increase their loyalty towards the company. As trial customers are interested in browsing on the website maybe they see online shopping as enjoyment and look for the potential entertainment arising from the online shopping experience. The purchase of goods may be incidental to the experience of Internet shopping. If trial online buyers initially have pleasing online shopping experience, they are more likely to continue subsequent shopping behavior: they will browse more, make more unplanned purchasing, and look for more stimulating products. In the face of severe competition and continually increasing customer expectations, e-commerce companies must understand how to identify, help and retain their profitable existing customers. E-retailer should emphasize the enjoyable aspect of online shopping in their promotions for trial online buyers and then create the competitive advantage. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The data for the study was gathered through a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part of the questionnaire included questions about their demographic profile like age, Education, income, living area and gender. The second part consisted of questions measuring all the variables which are used to measure the online shopping. All the questions were utilizing on a Likert scale ranging from 1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. Research Design has been classified into the following subsections: SAMPLE SIZE- Till the date of the submission of this interim report, about 100 questionnaires was distributed through e-mail and social networking sites SAMPLING PROCEDURE- The respondents were selected by the random sampling. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE This _primary_ (first hand, or collected by the researcher, i.e., myself, in the present study) and data was used for the analysis. A questionnaire has been designed to collect the required information. The questionnaires were filled by the respondents through the internet (through emails and social networking sites). [A sample of the questionnaire is showcased in Annexure] ANALYSIS Descriptive statistical research technique has been used in the study and statistical packages like SPSS and Microsoft Excel have been used for the analysis. TOOLS USED: CHI -SQUARE TEST: A chi-square test is used when you want to see if there is  a relationship between two categorical variables. In SPSS, the chisq option is used on the statistics subcommand of the crosstabs command to obtain the test statistic and its associated p-value. FACTOR ANALYSIS: FACTOR ANALYSIS: Factor analysis attempts to identify underlying variables, or factors, that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables. Factor analysis is often used in data reduction to identify a small number of factors that explain most of the variance observed in a much larger number of manifest variables. Factor analysis can also be used to generate hypotheses regarding causal mechanisms or to screen variables for subsequent analysis

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The most important point being that the natural balance in an ecosystem is maintained. This balance may be disturbed due to the introduction of new species, the sudden death of some species, natural hazards or man-made causes. In this field trip we will explore how human population and development affects the ecological balance. Take time to explore this site as your gateway to the world of ecology. It has interesting articles and facts. There are features such as the Environmental Timeline that shows how there were different concerns about the environment throughout istory.The environmental impact of war is an interesting article on how preparation of war and warfare leads to environmental losses. The carpet bombing of the lush green forests during the Vietnam war led to the loss of habitat of many species. Special features on population and the environment show how population has increased from the industrial age and how it will affect the environment. There are additional resource s for higher classes. In the name of development, we remove trees and vegetation, change how we use and, and keep expanding paved areas.All these not only affect the soil ecology, but also the water balance. Increased urbanization also requires more water to feed the city's population and industry, often requiring deeper and deeper wells to be drilled or water to be moved from even more distant locations. Increase of pavement area not lonely lessens the amount of water vapour that transpires back from the vegetation but also contributes to groundwater pollution if the salt used to melt road ice were allowed to runoff into the natural drainage system.Visit this site for a detailed look at water as a precious resource and how human development affects water and its ecosystem. It is dedicated to Water Day. To understand how human population and increased developmental activities affect the ecosystem, there are live examples all over the world. Armenia is one such example of what is hap pening to the ecosystem because of increased population and developmental activities. Over the last 1,000 years human impacts on the land have increased, mainly through deforestation and increased use of pastures.Such problems have intensified over recent years with unprecedented population growth and urbanisation since 1920, resulting in increased human impacts not only on individual species, but also on whole ecosystems. Read the article on this site and you will consciously become aware of what unchecked industrial development and urbanization could do to your region. The fast pace of development has led to many unwanted results. Exotic species get destroyed taster than we can discover them and ancient ecosystems are getting isturbed in our scientific explorations.Find out about amazing facts on human impact on oceans, toxins, and much more as you explore this site for environmental education on the web. It is designed primarily for kids, but the features and articles are good re ading for any grade. There are also handy tips on what you can do to help protect the environment and ideas on how you can start an ecology club in your neighbourhood. Visit the resources given on the Ecology and great Links pages to know more about this science.

What do you understand by the phrase 'moral panic' Please Essay

Moral Panic - Essay Example This paper illustrates that yo perfectly understand a moral panic, it is essential to have efficient knowledge of what morals are and what panic is, with this, it shall be clear as to how and why the term moral panic came to being, therefore, the topics of discussion in this essay will be morals, panics, moral panic, and how the media is said to be responsible for creating moral panic. Butts explains that the concept of morality is borrowed from the Latin word, denoted as â€Å"moral†. He further goes on to denote that it means a message or lesson that is learned, through an outcome of a given event or a narration. It majorly concerns or relates to what is considered right or wrong in society. Morals are passed from one individual to another is society through socialization which is one of the key functions of the various institutions that exists in society namely the family, religion, the school and many more. These institutions majorly use literature among the very many medi a that exists to pass down morals from one generation to another. This is normally done through the use of literature that explains fictional stories such as Goosebumps. These stories served as an avenue of entertainment but also as a source of morals because they informed, improved, and instructed their readership or audience, for example, the novels by Dickens Charles, over the years have been a great source of morality. This is because Charles Dickens has extensively written on the various social and economic ills that face the society. Charles Dickens, in his book, David Copperfield talks extensively on the economic and social ills of the society. Panic, on the other hand, is the sudden feeling of fear that is usually very great at particular instances that it replaces reasonable thinking with overwhelming agitation as well as anxiety. Panic might be experienced by an individual or get experienced by a group of people all at once at times referred to as panic of the mass or mass panic.

Mitochondria are essential for the function of the organelles in the Essay

Mitochondria are essential for the function of the organelles in the endomembrane discuss this statement - Essay Example The skeletal system is composed of cartilage, bones and ligaments. The skeletal system protects and supports muscles that are attached to bones as well as the body; provides calcium storage and is also a site where blood cells are formed (John, 2010). The muscular system on the other hand comprises of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. It is charged with movement of parts of the skeleton, pumping of blood, locomotion as well as helping in the movement of all internal materials. The fourth system is the endocrine system which is made up of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries together with other ductless glands. This system is tasked with regulation of body chemistry as well as several body functions. The nervous system is made up of sense and nerves organs, spinal cord and brain. This system is charged with receiving of stimuli from internal and external environments, conduction of impulses as well as integration of activities of the rest of the systems (John, 2010). Respiratory system is made up of air and lung passageways and is tasked with exchange of gases between the blood as well as the external environment. Digestive system is made up of mouth stomach, esophagus, pancreas, liver and intestines and is responsible for ingesting and digesting foods, as well as absorbing them inside the bloodstream. The urinary system comprises of the bladder, kidney as well as other associated ducts. It is charged with excretion of metabolic wastes, removal of substances that are present in excess out of the blood. Lastly, the reproductive system comprises of ovaries, testes together with associated structures. Its main function is that of reproduction (John, 2010). The major components of the immune system include; thymus, lymph system, spleen, bone marrow, antibodies,